Immigration Reform free essay sample

Immigration Reform Immigration statistics will prove how rapidly immigration is increasing, including the importance of the Dream Act, the Immigration reform, and its pros and cons. Systems that will help families that want to be in the United States, but in return help the economy. The purposes of the new Immigration reform are to accomplish a new economic picture, by creating ideas of improving our border security; workplace enforcement; to help those whom are seeking permanent residence; and new ways to improve the immigration system. Statistics They are about 12 to 15 million undocumented workers and families illegally in the United States and about 1,042,625 are obtaining legal permanent resident. California and Texas are the top states with the highest population of immigration. New York Times article included that this year’s cost of immigration was 13,000,000,000, including 52,000,000,000 for education, and 1,400,000 number of illegal immigrant households that use at least one welfare service. In a (2007) report the heritage foundation added that â€Å"For every $1 they contribute to Social Security, low-skilled illegal aliens withdraw $10 in total government benefits. Many even file tax returns each year using their real names, addresses, and identification numbers issued by the Internal Revenue Service. The IRS generally does not share the information with federal immigration agents. Nothing in federal law prohibits illegal immigrants from owning homes. And banks can legally accept passports, tax identification numbers, and consular cards from people who want to open bank accounts or get home loans, according to the Comptroller of the Currency, a bureau of the U. S. Treasury that regulates national banks. Enforce the laws. There already exist on the books numerous laws that, if enforced in a reasonable and targeted manner, would discourage illegal immigration and the employment of illegal labor. Lawbreakers must be deterred, and law-abiding Americans must be reassured, that Congress and the administration are completely serious about enforcing our laws. Recent actions by the administration prove that reasonable enforcement measures (well short of massive deportations) can significantly reduce the number of illegal border crossings. Continued crackdowns on businesses that have hired hundreds and sometimes thousands of illegals would also help government regain credibility in this area. Any immigration reform package must promote increased security, earned adjustment for undocumented workers already in the U. S. and an essential workers’ program to address future labor shortages. Enforcement alone is not the solution. The reality is that even the most anti-immigrant legislators in this country are not talking about deporting 12 million undocumented workers, which make up about 5% of the American workforce. The business community supports giving these workers legal status, so they will not be subject to exploitation by allowing them to become more able to exercise their rights under U. S. laws. 1. Using the Term Illegal Alien PRO: The correct terminology for the nearly 20 million persons illegally in the U. S. is illegal aliens. The term undocumented immigrants is purposely incorrect in order to sway the public in favor of special interest groups and only clouds the reality of the situation The term illegal alien is broader and more accurate because it includes undocumented aliens and nonimmigrant visa overstayers. the term illegal alien, being broader in scope, is the accurate term to use. In that immigrant connotes legality, the term illegal immigrant is really an oxymoron. IllegalAliens. us Calling an Illegal Alien an Undocumented Immigrant Is Like Calling a Burglar an Uninvited House Guest, illegalaliens. us accessed Jan. 18, 2007 CON: The National Association of Hispanic Journalists (NAHJ) is concerned with the increasing use of pejorative terms to describe the estimated 11 million undocumented people living in the United States. NAHJ is particularly troubled with the growing trend of the news media to use the word illegals as a noun, shorthand for illegal aliens. Using the word in this way is grammatically incorrect and crosses the line by criminalizing the person, not the action they are purported to have committed. NAHJ calls on the media to never use illegals in headlines [and] to avoid Illegal alien. Alternative terms are undocumented worker, or undocumented immigrant. National Association of Hispanic Journalists NAHJ Urges News Media to Stop Using Dehumanizing Terms When Covering Immigration, nahj. org accessed Jan. 19, 2007 2. Amnesty PRO: Whether you fine illegal aliens or stick them in English classes or make them say a hundred Hail Marys, at the end of the day, illegals would be allowed to stay and become citizens Thats amnesty. And thats a good thing for America. Amnesty wont depress wages globalization has already done that. Amnesty will not undermine the rule of law. [ ] It sounds counterintuitive, but with immigration, forgiving a crime may be the best way to restore law and order. Amnesty wont necessarily add to the social-services burden. [ ] Amnesty would offer millions a fighting chance at self-sufficiency and social mobility. Nathan Thornburgh Time Magazine reporter A Case for Amnesty, Time June 7, 2007 CON: Do not grant amnesty to illegal aliens. Regardless of the penalties imposed, any program that grants individuals who are unlawfully present the legal permission to remain here rewards illegal behavior and is unfair to those who obey the law and go through the regula ­tory and administrative requirements to enter the country legally. Those who enter the United States illegally should not be rewarded with permanent legal status or other such benefits, and they should be penalized in any road to citizenship. Those who enter and remain in the country illegally are violating the law, and condoning or encouraging such violations increases the likelihood of further illegal conduct. Heritage Foundation Immigration, MyHeritage. org accessed Oct. 3, 2007 3. Deportation PRO: deporting aliens is as easy as one, two, three. The next time you hear [U. S. President] George W. Bush or [U. S. Secretary of Homeland Security] Michael Chertoff say how impossible immigration enforcement is, remember this simple formula: one, go to where you know aliens are; two, arrest them; three, deport them. Don’t bother asking where aliens hang out. The better question is where aren’t they hanging out. Go to a bus stop, a taco truck, a convenience store, the post office or an auto repair shop. No need to round them all up at once. Just arrest one or two every day at different locations around town and the message will soon get out. Joe Guzzardi English teacher at Lodi Adult School in California Deportation: As Easy As One, Two, Three, VDare. com Aug. 19, 2007 CON: I have listened to and understand the concerns of those who simply advocate sealing our borders and rounding up and deporting undocumented workers currently in residence here. But thats easier said than done I have yet to hear a single proponent of this point of view offer one realistic proposal for locating, apprehending, and returning to their countries of origin over 11 million people. How do we do that? it would take 200,000 buses extending along a 1700 mile long line to deport 11 million people. Thats assuming we had the resources to locate and apprehend all 11 million, or even half that number, which we dont have and, we all know, wont ever have. John McCain U. S. Senator (R-AZ) Statement on the Senate floor Mar. 30, 2006 4. Mexican Border Fence PRO: Im pleased that you all are here to witness the signature of the Secure Fence Act of 2006 This bill will make our borders more secure. It is an important step toward immigration reform The bill authorizes the construction of hundreds of miles of additional fencing along our southern border Were modernizing the southern border of the United States so we can assure the American people were doing our job of securing the border. By making wise use of physical barriers and deploying 21st century technology were helping our Border Patrol agents do their job. George W. Bush U. S. President, Signing of the Secure Fence Act of 2006 Oct. 26, 2006 CON: It is deplorable to go ahead with this decision of the wall at the border The wall will not solve any problem. Humanity made a huge mistake by building the Berlin Wall and I believe that today the United States is committing a grave error in building the wall on our border. It is much more useful to solve common problems and foster prosperity in both countries. Felipe Calderon President of Mexico Mexico Urges Canada to Help Oppose Border Fence, CTV (Canadian national broadcast news) Oct. 26, 2006 5. Civilian Border Patrols PRO: it is now more important than ever for citizens to rise to the occasion and fill a void in National security. Minuteman Civil Defense Corps volunteers will now patrol the border with over 100 fully armed Citizens who consider themselves members of the unorganized state militia; we have the legal right and moral obligation as per our Arizona State Constitution and Federal Constitution and our respect for American citizens. Our intent is to send a strong message to the world that we will stand defiant to invaders and protect the borders of our country. Chris Simcox Founder and President of the Minuteman Civil Defense Corps americanpatrol. com accessed Oct. 11, 2007 CON: The Border Patrol does this [patrol the border] every day, and they are qualified and very well trained to handle the situation Ordinary Americans are not. So theres a danger that not just illegal migrants might get hurt, but that American citizens might get hurt in this situation. Robert C. Bonner, JD, Former Commissioner of U. S. Customs and Border Protection Border Patrol Considering Use of Volunteers, Official Says, New York Times July 21, 2005 6. Terrorist Threat PRO: Knowledgeable Americans have come to understand that our welcoming immigration policies are easily exploited by terrorists and that porous borders and lax immigration enforcement are no longer an option. With at least 8 million illegal aliens living in the United States and nearly one million new aliens arriving each year, the potential for terrorists entering the United States undetected is high. Center for Immigration Studies Terrorism National Security, cis. org accessed Sep. 12, 2007 CON:Illegal immigrants are not terrorists. They want to come legally to do the jobs Americans don’t want, but our broken immigration system doesn’t allow that to happen. If there were legal channels for these migrants to use, the government could concentrate on identifying the real terrorists. Instead, the government is wasting money and manpower trying to keep out the immigrant workers the U. S. economy needs. That makes the job of finding a terrorist like finding a needle in a haystack. American Immigration Law Foundation Immigrants Aren’t Undermining Our Nation’s Security. Flawed Immigration Laws Are, ailf. org accessed Sep. 12, 2007 7. Economic Burden PRO: The economic and social consequences of illegal immigration are staggering Illegal aliens have cost billions of taxpayer-funded dollars for medical services Immigration is a net drain on the economy; corporate interests reap the benefits of cheap labor, while taxpayers pay the infrastructural cost $60 billion dollars are earned by illegal aliens in the U. S. each year. One of Mexicos largest revenue streams (after exports and oil sales) consists of money sent home by legal immigrants and illegal aliens working in the U. S This is a massive transfer of wealth from America essentially from Americas displaced working poor to Mexico. Colorado Alliance for Immigration Reform (CAIR) Economic Costs of Legal and Illegal Immigration, cairco. org accessed Oct. 24, 2007 CON: [E]very empirical study of illegals economic impact demonstrates undocumenteds actually contribute more to public coffers in taxes than they cost in social services. Moreover, undocumented immigrants contribute to the U. S. economy through their investments and consumption of goods and services; filling of millions of essential worker positions resulting in subsidiary job creation, increased productivity and lower costs of goods and services; and unrequited contributions to Social Security, Medicare and unemployment insurance programs. Francine J. Lipman Professor of Law, Business and Economics at Chapman University Taxing Undocumented Immigrants: Separate, Unequal and Without Representation, Tax Lawyer Spring 2006 8. Drivers Licenses for Immigrants in the United States Illegally PRO: While increasing our national security is critical, restricting driver licenses (DLs) is an inefficient way to enforce immigration laws and prevent terrorism Furthermore, press accounts since September 11 have called attention to the fact that the hijackers had obtained DLs when, in fact, the terrorists did not need U. S. -issued DLs to board the planes on September 11; they had foreign passports that allowed them to board. In fact, denying driving licenses to large segments of the population makes everyone in the community less safe. Restricting DLs results in unsafe roads, higher insurance rates, and overwhelmed court systems Restricting DLs results in the proliferation of false documents. Mexican American Legal Defence and Educational Fund (MALDEF) Immigrant Access to State Driver’s Licenses: A Tool Kit for Advocates, maldef. org Jan. 2004 CON: In an increasingly security-conscious America, access to drivers licenses by people in the country illegally poses serious risks and undermines U. S. immigration law illegal aliens often use aliases and phony documents, so the alien’s identity and residence is not established as a result of the driver’s license process The argument about road safety relies on a faulty assumption that if illegal aliens are legally licensed to drive, they will all have accident insurance. But even if a state requires automobile insurance as a condition of getting a license, that does not keep an illegal alien from canceling the policy the next day. Illegal aliens generally are working in low-wage jobs and have difficulty affording insurance, and their cars are frequently older and more accident-prone. Additionally, illegal aliens often are not able to read road alerts in English. Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Economic Costs of Legal and Illegal Immigration, fairus. org Oct. 2005 9. Using State and Local Law Enforcement vs. National Only PRO: State and local police are badly needed to help overwhelmed federal immigration authorities apprehend and detain illegal aliens in the interior of our country. Illegal aliens outnumber federal immigration agents by 5,000 to one. Only 2,000 are active in enforcing the immigration laws in the interior of our country. This number is too small to apprehend more than a fraction of the illegal alien population now here There doesnt appear to be much chance in the near future that the number of federal agents assigned to interior enforcement will reach anywhere near the level that would be required for the feds to do the job by themselves. More than 600,000 state and local law enforcement officers already come into contact with illegal aliens every day. Many of them, in the course of their normal duties on their regular beat, routinely observe and even stop illegal aliens — for example for traffic violations. And the vast majority of these officers believe deeply in the rule of law and want to help protect the security of their country. NumbersUSA. com Economic Costs of Legal and Illegal Immigration, numbersusa. com accessed June 15, 2007 CON : Immigration enforcement by local police would likely negatively effect and undermine the level of trust and cooperation between local police and immigrant communities Undoubtedly legal immigrants would avoid contact with the police for fear that they themselves or undocumented family members or friends may become subject to immigration enforcement. Enforcement of federal immigration laws would be a burden that most major police agencies would not be able to bear under current resource levels. [ ] The specific immigration status of any particular person can vary greatly and whether they are in fact in violation of the complex federal immigration regulations would be very difficult if not almost impossible for the average patrol officer to determine. At this time local police agencies are ill equipped in terms of training, experience and resources to delve into the complicated area of immigration enforcement. Major Cities Chiefs Association Recommendations For Enforcement of Immigration Laws By Local Police Agencies, neiassociates. org June 8, 2006 10. Border Militarization PRO: The U. S. Border Patrol simply cannot handle its mission under present restraints. Its job is to protect the American public and preserve the sanctity of our international borders. That cannot be accomplished while our borders are over run by aliens of every nationality and while bureaucrats place unreasonable restrictions on how agents operate. I urge the immediate deployment of U. S. military troops and equipment on our borders to seal them against those who would cause us harm. This could be only a temporary measure to allow us to regain control to again become a sovereign nation. David J. Stoddard Former U. S. Border Patrol Agent Testimony submitted to the U. S. House Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources Feb. 22, 2002 CON: I think we have to be very careful here. Thats not the role of our military. Thats not the role of our national guard Lets start with the fact do we even have the capacity? Weve got 75% of the equipment of national guards all across this country is in Iraq. Weve got national guard members on their second, third and fourth tours in Iraq. We have stretched our military as thin as we have ever seen it in modern times. And what in the world are we talking about here sending a national guard that we may not have any capacity to send up to or down to protect borders? Thats not their role. Ill listen to the President but Ive got a lot of questions about this. Chuck Hagel U. S. Senator (R-NE) ABC This Week With George Stephanopoulos May 14, 2006

Royal Greenland free essay sample

Royal Greenland is the largest producer of cold water prawns and the market leader of ever expending seafood products. The company belongs to Greenland and catches their primary raw materials and the clear ice cold water from there. The company has its modern part of hunting and fishing culture, which is always existed there and the catches are made with deep respect in Greenland nature and people. Royal Greenland’s clear aim is activities to contribute to the wellbeing Greenland community. Royal Greenland is not just a brand – it’s a promise. No matter what the challenges are, the company depends of committed staff. Royal Greenland has focus on quality and refuses to compromise. In this way Royal Greenland has been a reliable supplier and a trust world partner since 1774. Today is the company still in lead and extended itself as the most innovated and competitive player on the market. Whether if its own brand, as a supplier of private labels or via directed sells to the industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Royal Greenland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For more than 230 years has Royal Greenland been associated with the first class seafood. The company’s future plans in investing are to have focus on improving their techniques and products to match the need of their modern consumer. Royal Greenland cooperates with private and public research institutions in order to continue developing their processing, distribution techniques and production. 2. Royal Greenland brand value Applying the Maslow hierarchy of needs, one may argue that Royal Greenland customers seek for self-esteem, recognition and status; they believe that being seen with the Royal Greenland products brand will fulfill these needs. Therefore, the value added to its customers is more intrinsic, being that is a physiological need the act of eating. Royal Greenland Royal Greenland However we may say that Royal Greenland stands in between level 1 and 2 of the Maslow Pyramid and maybe some may argue also between level 3, so that it can be also associated to a kind of luxury level of food and restaurants. Anyway is mainly a physiological need, the customers go for best in the balance of quality facing price. 3. The 4 P’s Products Seafood such as shellfish, natural fish, smoked and marinated fish, prawns. In their webpage they have a catalogue with 162 of different kind variation of the seafood that they offer. As a full-range supplier of seafood products Royal Greenland’s product assortment reflects the company’s ability to meet the need of our consumers and Royal Greenland’s ability to renew ourselves. In Royal Greenland marketing it is in matter; at their products have high quality standards. Royal Greenland is proud to present a broad range of high quality seafood products from their own fisheries and from selected suppliers around the world. They offer the â€Å"highest quality standards† in the world – their global quality team makes sure of that. If there are any complains about the products or about the services, the company takes them serious and they take professional action towards and try to avoid that happening again. Price For centuries, Royal Greenland has been associated with high quality seafood at affordable prices. The company’s product range makes it possible to prepare healthy and tasty meals for any occasion. Royal Greenland, have a price that most customers can afford. Royal Greenland gives the customers the products what they pay for. Place – They owns Production facilities in Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greenland and Poland. The customers can be sure that Royal Greenlands products get delivered o time and in a perfect condition. When dealing with perishable food products and especially frozen goods, it is extremely important to keep temperature constant during transportation and storage. In order to retain the high, natural quality of their products they are checked all the way from production, through storage to the customer by their Quality Control Team. In Denmark the company is distributing in different Danish supermarkets such as Irma and Fotex Promotion They use as promotion mainly their homepage. There the customers can find information about the company, the quality of their products, the way they prepare their products. Even though that the company don’t use any special way to promote themselves, Royal Greenland is the largest producer of cold water prawns and the market leader of ever expending seafood products. 4. Strategic Analysis For in depth analysis, to start with we need to identify the elements which affect the strategic decision; strategic position and strategic choice. The strategic position, where it argues the environmental and stakeholder’s effect on the issue, we identified two elements; economic downturn and new consumer needs. We used the Ansoff matrix to show how Royal Greenland stands concerning Markets and Products as it is shown below. Upon investigation of the company’s reports, one comprehends that both the sales growth rate and profit margin are declining. The company in its mature phase reveals that is the time to look for new segments or new markets. The time seems right for diversification by new product in new markets. 5. IMS (International Market Selection) Analyses The IMS analysis will help us to identify the right market to export. It is based on low psychic distance, low cultural distance and low geographic distance. Our assignment is about Far East countries and Polynesian Islands. We don’t have to argue why it is that, because it’s given. - In their official webpage there is a summary of companies owned or partially owned by the parent company Royal Greenland A/S. There we can see that Royal Greenland is a limited company and 100% of the stock is owned by the Greenlandic Selfrule Government is in Japan. That means that they already have knowledge with the Far East culture, and are ready to export to more Far East countries a brow. Royal Greenland is the biggest seafood company in Denmark. Royal Greenland is a large and complex organization with subsidiaries in a number of countries around the world. Royal Greenland A/S had an annual turnover in 2010/2011 of 4,7 billion DKK and more than 1,800 employees around the world. It has advantage of food  fresh  and  production technology. Royal Greenland has expanded to  many countries and regions on sale. The global economic is downturn, we should keep currently market share and develop the new market. Royal Greenland owns several production facilities located in the immediate vicinity of fisheries and their â€Å"key markets† Greenland, Canada, Denmark, Poland, Germany. We will go along 4 steps. We will describe more detail the general and specific criteria that is mention above. Step 1: In step one, we have the micro level. – Here we make decision which market the product is going to enter. This is about external factors such as PESTEL (politics economic, social, technology, environment and legal). In the first step we analysis IMS (International market selection). We chose New Zealand, China and Philippines. We will mainly look at those three countries political and economic factors. After those first reflections, we can figure out where we want to start. We will reduce from three, to two countries. Then we will make a Pest Analysis and compare them. Criteria – size and economy. Step 2: In step two, we have MECO. We will do our product analysis and market analysis. We will find information about the competitors, and compare our products to the competitors. We will do a competitive analysis. Step 3: Internal analysis. All the internal tickets: are proactive or reactive. Step 4: In step four we actually do segmentation in regards to customers. Demographics – lifestyle, age, gender, buyer behavior, income. New Zealand PESTEL Analysis Political and Environmental Factors: Elizabeth 11 queen of New Zealand has no real political influence and her position is essentially symbolic. Political power is held by the democratically elected Parliament of New Zealand under leadership of Prime Minister, who is the head of government. New Zeland has ranked fifth in the world for political stability in the IMD world competitiveness yearbook 2009. In New Zealand electronics are held every three years so the government has to at time make some compromises with economic growth in order to pursue its political motives. While it may have been acceptable in the past for businesses to pursue profits single minden with a little or no consideration for the wider social and environmental impact of their activities, this is not the case anymore today. The consumer movement and the environmental lobby are now firmly established as vigilant and powerful watchdogs, and have successfully brought changes in business practice and in how businesses must operate. In New Zealand the government announced significant changes to business taxation and the business environment to help develop a more innovative and dynamic economy better able to compete in the global marketplace. Economic Analysis: The Economy of New Zealand is a market economy which is greatly dependent on international trade, mainly with Australia, the European Union, the United States, China and Japan. It has only small manufacturing ad high-tech sectors, being strongly focused on tourism and primary industries like agriculture (though both sectors are highly profitable). Economic tree – market reforms of the last decades have removed many barriers to foreign investment, and the World Bank in 2005 praised New Zealand as being the most business – friendly country in the world, before Singapore. Social Factors: The first release of data from the 2010 New Zealand General Social Survey showed that: New Zealanders have relatively high levels of overall life satisfaction. In the survey, 87 percent of the population reported they were ‘satisfied’ or ‘very satisfied’ with their lives overall. However, satisfaction with life varied across different groups within the population, in particular when looking at people’s labour force status, stage in life, household income, and the type of family they live in. Technological Factors: As a Western country, New Zealand has a proactive, creative and skilled labor. They have the worlds leading educational institutions; a highly educated population with graduate level is increasing. English is the main language of New Zealand. New Zealanders also have excellent quality of soft skills, professional ethics and the spirit of daring to do famous. Technology includes: * processes/systems (operational) * machinery * intellectual property * IT systems. The technology or business skills must be introduced into New Zealand as a result of the investment they must not already be in New Zealand. PEST analysis for China Political Analysis: China is communist country but it is transforming into democratic form of government. The Chinese government has, in the past, strongly controlled such things as prices, markets, products, foreign assets, and personal assets. However, during the past decade, the Chinese government has chosen to open their markets to world investors and to create laws and regulations more in line with the World Trade Center guidelines. This change in philosophy has encouraged foreign investment in China. However, regardless of the recent move towards an open market, the Chinese socialist political environment should remain a key risk factor in any potential expansion. There is only one party in china which is communist party of china. As there is only one party ruling the country so there is stability in the country which is very necessary for business activities. The stability in the country attracts foreign investments in the country. The government also provides different incentives and securities to the new businesses. For example government can declare certain area tax free and thus attracting new investors in the country. The laws are a bit complex for the new investors. But if the new investment Is approved then it will be a successful business. Economic Analysis: Chinas economy is huge and expanding rapidly. In the last 30 years, the rate of Chinese economic growth has been almost miraculous, averaging 8 percent growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per annum. The economy has grown more than 10 times during that period, with Chinese GDP reaching 3. 42 trillion US dollars in 2007. China already has the biggest economy after the United States and most analysts predict China will become the largest economy in the world this century. China is a very good market for the investors to invest and earn profits. Both the industry and agriculture sector provides opportunities to the investors to invest. Inflation rate (consumer prices): The inflation rate in china is 5%. The inflation is very much low and it is in single figure. The prices of commodities are low in china. And this figure is also a controlled one. Central bank discount rate: 2. 79% (December 2009) This is a very good sign for the investors as the financing would be easy and funds can be generated if needed. As the rate is very lower so the expected inflation rate is also low which means that more employment. Social Factors: Chinas spectacular economic growth-averaging 8% or more annually over the past two decades-has produced an impressive increase in the standard of living for hundreds of millions of Chinese citizens. At the same time, this economic development has had severe ramifications for the natural environment. There has been a dramatic increase in the demand for natural resources of all kinds, including water, land and energy. The population growth of china is high and government is taking steps to control this growth of the population. The population growth rate of the country is 0. 94%. The 72. 1% of the population is 15-64 years which is the main target population for the businesses. Technological Factors: The history of science and technology in China is both long and rich with many contributions to science and technology. THE end of cheap China is at hand. Blue-collar labour costs in Guangdong and other coastal hubs have been rising at double-digit rates for a decade. Workers in the hinter land, too, are demanding—and receiving—huge pay increases. China is no longer a place where manufacturers can go to find ultra-cheap hands. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it will not mean that companies close their Chinese factories and stampede to somewhere poorer. China is still a terrific place to make things. Labour may be cheaper elsewhere, but it is only one cost among several. Unlike its lower-paying rivals, China has reasonable infrastructure, sophisticated supply chains and the advantage of scale. When demand surges for a particular product, the biggest firms in China can add thousands of extra workers to a production line in a matter of hours. Environmental Factors: Chinas development and environment practices have made the country one of the worlds leading contributors to regional and global environmental problems, including acid rain, ozone depletion, global climate change, and biodiversity loss. Environmental degradation and pollution in China also pose challenges well beyond those to the natural environment. The ramifications for the social and economic welfare of the Chinese people are substantial. Public health problems, mass migration, forced resettlement, and social unrest are all the consequence of a failure to integrate environmental considerations into development efforts effectively. Sacrificing environmental needs, such as trees, for economic gain. PESTE analysis Philippines Political analysis The Philippines’ diverse population, which speaks more than 80 languages and dialects, is spread over 7,000 islands in the Western Pacific Ocean. The country returned to democracy in 1986 after two decades of autocratic rule. President Benigno Aquino III took office in 2010 with a mandate to address pervasive government corruption. Economic analysis Despite the challenging global economic environment, the Philippine economy has been on a steady path of economic expansion. The government has pursued a series of legislative reforms to enhance the entrepreneurial environment and develop a stronger private sector to generate broader-based job growth. Overall progress has been gradual, but regulatory efficiency has been notably enhanced. The economy has expanded at an average annual rate of close to 5 percent over the past five years. The economy of the Philippines is hampered by huge foreign debt, a low savings rate, inefficient tax collection, inadequate infrastructure , especially outside major cities, and poor agricultural performance. The Philippine economy is vulnerable to oil-price increases, interest-rate shifts by the U. S. Federal Reserve, and the performance of international stock exchanges. Social Factors: Social factors that have a negative impact on the economy include a high crime rate, especially kidnappings and rape, pockets of Communist rebels in rural areas, threats from Muslim separatist movements, high rates of poverty and unemployment, and the governments inability to begin its land-distribution program. Environmental factors also damage economic development, including frequent typhoons and drought. Worker productivity is adversely affected by illnesses brought on by air and water pollution. In metropolitan Manila alone, the effect of pollution on health and labor productivity has been estimated to be equal to a loss of about 1 percent of gross national product annually. Technological Factors: In todays fast paced world, the need to operate globally and without boundaries has increased the abilities and expectations for technology. Information technology, being the theme on everyones mind throughout the last decades is still reaching new levels. The new and tremendous dvancements in telecommunication technology in the new millennium were the milestone for the outsourcing of service activities that were about to penetrate the Philippines. The country has a lot of highly skilled IT people and the IT infrastructure and supports are very advanced. Therefore, the technology allows products and services to be made significantly cheaper than in domestic markets, and yet maintain at lea st the same quality. The employees are working at wages approximately 400% smaller than in Europe but the final results they deliver are hard to distinguish from the European ones. The cheap costs also give the possibility to be more flexible and take risks because there is not much to lose. It is easy foreigners who did not really have beliefs or big plans for their businesses but they thought it would be fun to run a company without seriously endangering your budget. Environment Factors: The Philippines is prone to natural disasters, particularly typhoons, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, lying as it does astride the typhoon belt, in the active volcanic region known as the â€Å"Pacific Ring of Fire,† and in the geologically unstable region between the Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates. The Philippines also suffers major human-caused environmental degradation aggravated by a high annual population growth rate, including loss of agricultural lands, deforestation, soil erosion, air and water pollution, improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes, loss of coral reefs, mismanagement and abuse of coastal resources, and overfishing. According to Greenpeace SouthEast Asia, the Philippines major historical river, the Pasig River is now biologically dead due to negligence and industrialization. Currently, the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources has been busy tracking down illegal loggers and been spearheading projects to preserve the quality of many remaining rivers that are not yet polluted. Conclusion: By using the PESTEL framework we analyzed the many different factors in a firms macro environment. In some cases particular issues may fit in several categories. The PESTEL Factors in China appears in several categories, we simply make a decision of where we think it best belongs. We think that to export in China will have the greatest impact. We have made a SWOT analysis, which proves that China would be the best market to export in. 6. SWOT Analyses SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. So concerning our previous explanations and answers to themes in analyses, we came up with the following SWOT analyses: 7. Business Law Contract for the International Sales of Goods (CISG): CISG stands for contract of sale of goods, the convention applies when the buyer and seller have their place of business in different states and when the parties are from contracting states . As Royal Greenland Company is going to sell its product to China from Denmark. At the same time, China is approved to apply CISG, but Denmark is not agreed with the CISG Law. So there are two conditions: ?Royal Greenland company (seller)—the buyer in China: If the two parties did not agree about which law is to apply, then the rule of seller? s country shall apply. So in this situation, the rule of the Denmark should apply, as the Danish law mentions that the CISG takes precedence in international sales. So if the Royal Greenland Company is seller and the buyer is in China, then the CISG should be applied. ?Royal Greenland company (buyer)—the suppliers in China: It is also about the sales of goods, the rule of seller? s country shall apply, and as the China is not approved the CISG. So the law from the China shall be applied if the Royal Greenland is buyer and the supplier is from China. Performance is the fulfillment of a promise in the contract. Many issues can arise in a sales contract after the contract is made and before a partys performance is required. Sometimes performance may be made impracticable. If the goods are completely destroyed before the risk of loss has passed to the oversea buyer, and the goods have not been destroyed through the fault of either party, Royal Greenland may be excused from performing. Risk of loss is responsibility for any damage or destruction of goods; the parties may decide in the contract when the risk of loss of the goods passes from Royal Greenland to the buyer. If the goods are only partially destroyed or have deteriorated, the buyer may demand to inspect the goods and either void the contract or accept the goods with a reduction in the contract price. Royal Greenland may avoid performing only if the destroyed goods were specifically identified when the sale was made. There are two situations in which a party must make a substituted performance in case the agreed method of performance becomes impracticable. First, when the goods cannot be transported by the agreed-upon method of transportation, Royal Greenland must use available transportation that is a commercially reasonable substitute. Second, if an agreed-upon method of payment fails, the buyer must use a commercially reasonable substitute method of payment if one is available. If a party fails to substitute transportation or payment, she could be liable to the other party for losses resulting from the failure. In some cases the purpose of a sale may be frustrated by circunstances beyond the control of both buyer and seller. At times it may appear to a party that the other party will be unable to perform by the expected date. For example, assume that a party agrees to sell goods on credit. If the buyer becomes financially insolvent before the goods are delivered, the seller may demand cash before delivering the goods. If the goods are in transit, the seller may instruct the carrier to withhold delivery of the goods. A party is considered insolvent if she cannot pay debts as they come due, has ceased to pay debts, or has liabilities that exceed assets. If a party has reasonable grounds to feel insecure about the other partys ability to perform, the insecure party may demand assurances before performing. Alternatively, if the other party gives the assurance, the concerned party must follow through on his obligations. Precisely what constitutes an effective assurance is a question of fact that depends on the nature of the goods, the size of the contract, the length of time until performance, and similar considerations. In any case a concerned party may not make commercially unreasonable demands on a party prior to performance and then withhold performance if the other party does not meet the demands. Delivery We think that there are two-clause suit for the Royal Greenland Company, one is F-clause, and the other is C-clause. ?F-clauses FOB (free on board). In this situation, the Royal Greenland must load the products on board the designed by the buyer in the China. The goods are delivered when they have been handed over to the first carrier designed by the buyer. The advantage of this rule is the transportation fees and the risk is shared by the Royal Greenland and the buyer in the China. FAS (free alongside Ship). In this situation, the Royal Greenland must deliver the goods to the specified spot; the goods and risk are delivered when they are placed alongside the ship. The advantage of this is that the seller don? t need to take the goods to the board. ?C-clauses CIF (cost insurance and freight). In the situation, the seller shall pay for marine insurance and costs all the way to the place of destination, the risk passed when goods are on board the ship in the dispatch port. For example, we deliver the products (named of) to China and we pay all the insurance and transportation fee until the products arrive to the place of destination, The advantage of this rule is although the Royal Greenland pay all the transportation fees and insurance fees but they have the lowest risk, if they got any damages during the transport the insurance company will pay all the losses. Seller? obligations (CISG) and Buyer? s obligations (CISG) ?The seller must: 1, Deliver the goods 2, Handover documents 3, Transfer rights of ownership of goods to the buyer The seller must deliver the right goods quantity and quantity at right place and at the time agreed in contract. And hand over the document that is necessary. Transfer rights of ownership of goods to the buyer, such as risk. There are many conditions: some risk is passed to buyer when the goods are hand over to the first independent carrier. Some risk passes to buyer when buyer at the time of receipt of the goods at the seller? s place of business. When the risk passes to buyer, it is depend on the which kind of transportation way that the seller and buyer choose. ?The buyer shall to take delivery of goods and pay the payment that has been agreed at the agreed time and place. Buyer? s remedies in the event of the seller? s breach of contract (CISG) There are also some remedies in the event of each parties breach the contract. First of all, we list several breaches from the seller, and remedies for the breach. When the sell breach a contract in case: 1. Delay 2. Defect 3. Defective title. The buyer can choose to: 1. Affirm 2. Cancel 3. And claim damages if a loss has been incurred. The buyer can also demand corrective performance, at the same time the seller has a right to correct also after the goods have been delivered. Seller? s remedies in the event of the buyer? s breach of contract (CISG) When the buyer breach a contract in case: 1. Not paying for the goods 2. Not taking delivery of the goods. In such cases happen, the seller has the rights to: 1. Affirm 2. Cancel 3. Claim damages. Conclusion It is benefit for the Royal Greenland Company to put then in a good position if they are similar with the CISG and doing the international sale with China. 8. Economics As attachment in appendix there is the study on investment table as well as the net-cash flow diagram. Anyway below is our conclusion: 9. Conclusion Royal Greenland A/S (Royal Greenland) is a Denmark based company operating in the provision of seafood products. It is one of the worlds biggest producers of coldwater shrimps and a market leader in a wide range of seafood products. The company, along with its subsidiaries is engaged in fishing, processing, production, marketing and distribution of seafood products. The core products of the company include prawn and shellfish products, fillet products, ready to eat products and smoked products. The company operates through a number of production sites across Greenland, Denmark, Germany and Poland, and sales offices in Europe, the US and Japan. Royal Greenland is headquartered at Nuuk in Denmark. Export to restaurants. In our assignment we decided after making an PESTEL analysis in 3 different countries from Far East, to export in China. Beside that we chose to export in the restaurant market. The reason why we chose to export in restaurants is, that restaurant is the largest segment of the profit foodservice sector in China, accounting for 94% of the sectors total value. The pubs, nightclubs and bars segment accounts for a further 1. 2% of the sector Market analysis. The Chinese profit foodservice sector displayed double digit growth over the 2007 to 2011 period. The sector is forecast to post healthy growth during the period up to 2016. In comparison, the Japanese sector will decline with a compound annual rate of change (CARC) of -0. 8%, and the Indian sector will increase with a CAGR of 17. 4%, over the same period, to reach respective values of $102. 8 billion and $58. 1 billion in 2011. Sector consumption volumes are forecast to increase with a CAGR of 3. % between 2007-2011, to reach a total of 115. 6 billion visits in 2011. The sectors volume is expected to rise to 133. 1 billion visits by the end of 2016, representing a CAGR of 2. 9% for the 2011-2016 period. The restaurants segment is expected to be the sectors most lucrative in 2011, with total revenue of $135. 5 billion, equivalent to 94% of the sectors overall value. The pubs, nightclubs and bars segment will contribute revenue of $1. 7 billion in 2011, equating to 1. 2% of the sectors aggregate value. Market value forecast In 2016, the Chinese profit foodservice sector is forecast to have a value of $236,162. 1 million, an increase of 63. 8% since 2011. Buyer power in the profit foodservice sector in China Buyers in the global profit foodservice sector are individual consumers, which are large in number but hold very little financial muscle independently. High transaction volumes mean that the impact of any one customer on revenues is usually small. The exception here can be in the case of premium-price, non-chain restaurants, whose business model relies on low-volume, high-margin sales. This lack of financial muscle minimizes the power of buyers, although they benefit from the lack of costs incurred by switching from one profit foodservice player to another. Profit foodservice is not strictly essential to consumers: they can backwards integrate by cooking their own food. Profit foodservice players have invested heavily in brand-building, especially in the low- and medium- price segments. The Uppsala model has described the internationalization of a firm as a process of experiential learning and incremental commitments which leads to an evolutionary development in a foreign market. Royal Greenland Export Royal Greenland A/S sales subsidiaries have been established on the most important markets i. e. in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the UK and the USA. The southern part of Asia is yet another potential sales subsidiary location. However, no matter where a subsidiary is placed, company policy dictates that it be managed by local staff to ensure the greatest insight into each countrys market, and dietary and cultural traditions a policy which has proven very rewarding. The Export Division sells about 65,000 t of high-quality products from a constantly expanding product range to 40 main markets all over the world. The divisions product development department ensures that customer demands concerning products and lines are made in consultation with Royal Greenland. Delivery reliability is equally ensured and realised through close collaboration with the Divisions colleagues in Greenland. Royal Greenland Development Royal Greenland Development was established in 1995 to offer its know-how and expertise to Third World fishery development projects. The divisions role is to participate in research fishing aimed at establishing what resources are at hand and to assist with product development and production. Further assistance in the form of raw materials and sales facilities may also be offered by the Division, which works in collaboration with internationally recognized aid organizations. Contracts have already been drawn up in India and Vietnam and business prospects are promising in China, Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. 11. Reference List Global Marketing – A Decision-Oriented Approach Fifth Edition, Svend Hollensen Business and Danish Law Book ttp://www. royalgreenland. com http://www. royalgreenland. com http://www. slideshare. net http://www. stats. govt. nz http://www. linz. govt. nz http://www. economywatch. com http://www. economist. com http://www. cfr. org http://www. heritage. org http://www. nationsencyclopedia. com http://en. wikipedia. org http://www. articlesbase. com [ 1 ]. The countries that are in Far East are: China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Mongolia, North and South Korea, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Russia. Geographically, the Polynesian Triangle is drawn by connecting the points of Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island. The other main island groups located within the Polynesian Triangle are Samoa, Tonga, the Cook Islands, Tuvalu, Tokelau, Niue, Wallis and Futuna and French Polynesia. [ 2 ]. - (http://www. royalgreenland. com/uk/Our-company/Organisation/Ownership-and-Asso ciated-Companies. aspx ) [ 3 ]. http://www. royalgreenland. com/uk/Our-company/Facts-Figures. aspx [ 4 ]. http://www. royalgreenland. om/uk/Fishery-and-processing/Production-facilities. aspx [ 5 ]. http://www. slideshare. net/Nokhov/new-zealand-presentation-847054 [ 6 ]. http://www. slideshare. net/Nokhov/new-zealand-presentation-847054 [ 7 ]. http://www. stats. govt. nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/Families/nz-general-social-survey-info-releases. aspx [ 8 ]. http://www. linz. govt. nz/overseas-investment/applications/technical-resources/benefit-nz-factors/new-technology [ 9 ]. http://www. economywatch. com/ world_economy/china/? page=full [ 10 ]. http://www. economist. om/node/21549938 [ 11 ]. http://www. cfr. org/china/chinas-environmental-challenge-political-social-economic-implications/p5573 [ 12 ]. http://www. heritage. org/index/country/philippines [ 13 ]. http://www. heritage. org/index/country/philippines [ 14 ]. http://www. nationsencyclopedia. com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Philippines-OVERVIEW-OF-ECONOMY. html#ixzz2AIfp1mkg [ 15 ]. http://www. articlesbase. com/outsourcing-articles/technological-factors-in-the-philippines-4035972. html [ 16 ]. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Environment_of_the_Philippines

An introduction to the Delphi Language

An introduction to the Delphi Language Welcome to the sixth chapter of the FREE online programming course:A Beginners Guide to Delphi Programming.Before you start developing more sophisticated applications by using the RAD features of Delphi, you should learn the basics of the Delphi Pascal language. Delphi Language: tutorials Delphi language, a set of object-oriented extensions to standard Pascal, is the language of Delphi. Delphi Pascal is a high-level, compiled, strongly typed language that supports structured and object-oriented design. Its benefits include easy-to-read code, quick compilation, and the use of multiple unit files for modular programming. Heres a list of tutorials, an introduction to Delphi Pascal, that will help you learn Delphi Pascal. Each tutorial will help you to understand a particular feature of Delphi Pascal language, with practical and easy to understand code snippets. Object Pascal Variable Scope: now you see me, now you dont. Typed constantsHow to implement persistent values between function calls. LoopsRepeating operations in Object Pascal in Object Pascal in Object Pascal in Object Pascal. DecisionsMaking decisions in Object Pascal or NOT. Functions and ProceduresCreating user defined subroutines in Object Pascal. Routines in Delphi: Beyond the BasicsExtending Object Pascal functions and procedures with default parameters and method overloading. The basic layout of a Pascal/Delphi program. String Types in DelphiUnderstanding and managing string data types in Delphis Object Pascal. Learn about differences between Short, Long, Wide and null-terminated strings. Ordinal and Enumerated Data TypesExtend Delphis built-in types by constructing your own types. Arrays in Object PascalUnderstanding and using array data types in Delphi. Records in DelphiLearn about records, Delphis Pascal data structure that can mix any of Delphis built in types including any types you have created. Variant Records in DelphiWhy and when to use variant records, plus creating an array of records. Pointers in DelphiAn introduction to pointer data type in Delphi. What are pointers, why, when and how to use them. Writing and using recursive functions in Object Pascal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Some exercises for you...Since this Course is an online course, there is much you can do to prepare for the next chapter. At the end of each chapter Ill try to provide several tasks for you to get more familiar with Delphi and the topics we discuss in the current chapter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  To the next chapter: A Beginners Guide to Delphi ProgrammingThis is the end of the sixth chapter, in the next chapter, well deal with more sophisticated articles on the Delphi language. A Beginners Guide to Delphi Programming: Next Chapter Sophisticated Delphi Pascal techniques for Beginners

The Persian Empire of Ancient Iran

The Persian Empire of Ancient Iran Irans history as a nation of people speaking an Indo-European language did not begin until the middle of the second millennium B.C. Before then, Iran was occupied by peoples with a variety of cultures. There are numerous artifacts attesting to settled agriculture, permanent sun-dried- brick dwellings, and pottery-making from the sixth millennium B.C. The most advanced area technologically was ancient Susiana, present-day Khuzestan Province. By the fourth millennium, the inhabitants of Susiana, the Elamites, were using semipictographic writing, probably learned from the highly advanced civilization of Sumer in Mesopotamia (ancient name for much of the area now known as Iraq), to the west. Sumerian influence in art, literature, and religion also became particularly strong when the Elamites were occupied by, or at least came under the domination of, two Mesopotamian cultures, those of Akkad and Ur, during the middle of the third millennium. By 2000 B.C. the Elamites had become sufficiently unified to destroy the city of Ur. Elamite civilization developed rapidly from that point, and, by the fourteenth century B.C., its art was at its most impressive. Immigration of the Medes and the Persians Small groups of nomadic, horse-riding peoples speaking Indo-European languages began moving into the Iranian cultural area from Central Asia near the end of the second millennium B.C. Population pressures, overgrazing in their home area, and hostile neighbors may have prompted these migrations. Some of the groups settled in eastern Iran, but others, those who were to leave significant historical records, pushed farther west toward the Zagros Mountains. Three major groups are identifiablethe Scythians, the Medes (the Amadai or Mada), and the Persians (also known as the Parsua or Parsa). The Scythians established themselves in the northern Zagros Mountains and clung to a seminomadic existence in which raiding was the chief form of economic enterprise. The Medes settled over a huge area, reaching as far as modern Tabriz in the north and Esfahan in the south. They had their capital at Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan) and annually paid tribute to the Assyrians. The Persians were established in three areas: to the south of Lake Urmia (the tradional name, also cited as Lake Orumiyeh, to which it has reverted after being called Lake Rezaiyeh under the Pahlavis), on the northern border of the kingdom of the Elamites; and in the environs of modern Shiraz, which would be their eventual settling place and to which they would give the name Parsa (what is roughly present-day Fars Province). During the seventh century B.C., the Persians were led by Hakamanish (Achaemenes, in Greek), ancestor of the Achaemenid dynasty. A descendant, Cyrus II (also known as Cyrus the Great or Cyrus the Elder), led the combined forces of the Medes and the Persians to establish the most extensive empire known in the ancient world. By 546 B.C., Cyrus had defeated Croesus*, the Lydian king of fabled wealth, and had secured control of the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, Armenia, and the  Greek colonies  along the Levant. Moving east, he took Parthia (land of the Arsacids, not to be confused with Parsa, which was to the southwest), Chorasmis, and Bactria. He besieged and captured Babylon in 539 and released the Jews who had been held captive there, thus earning his immortalization in the Book of Isaiah. When he died in 529**, Cyruss kingdom extended as far east as the Hindu Kush in present-day Afghanistan. His successors were less successful. Cyruss unstable son, Cambyses II, conquered Egypt but later committed suicide during a revolt led by a priest, Gaumata, who usurped the throne until overthrown in 522 by a member of a lateral branch of the Achaemenid family, Darius I (also known as Darayarahush or Darius the Great). Darius attacked the Greek mainland, which had supported rebellious Greek colonies under his aegis, but as a result of his defeat at the  Battle of Marathon in 490  was forced to retract the limits of the empire to  Asia Minor. The Achaemenids thereafter consolidated areas firmly under their control. It was Cyrus and Darius who, by sound and farsighted administrative planning, brilliant military maneuvering, and a humanistic worldview, established the greatness of the Achaemenids and in less than thirty years raised them from an obscure tribe to a world power. The quality of the Achaemenids as rulers began to disintegrate, however, after the death of Darius in 486. His son and successor, Xerxes, was chiefly occupied with suppressing revolts in Egypt and Babylonia. He also attempted to conquer the Greek Peloponnesus, but encouraged by a victory at Thermopylae, he overextended his forces and suffered overwhelming defeats at Salamis and Plataea. By the time his successor, Artaxerxes I, died in 424, the imperial court was beset by factionalism among the lateral family branches, a condition that persisted until the death in 330 of the last of the Achaemenids, Darius III, at the hands of his own subjects. The Achaemenids were enlightened despots who allowed a certain amount of regional autonomy in the form of the satrapy system. A satrapy was an administrative unit, usually organized on a geographical basis. A satrap (governor) administered the region, a general supervised military recruitment and ensured order, and a state secretary kept official records. The general and the state secretary reported directly to the central government. The twenty satrapies were linked by a 2,500-kilometer highway, the most impressive stretch being the  royal road  from Susa to Sardis, built by command of Darius. Relays of mounted couriers could reach the most remote areas in fifteen days. Despite the relative local independence afforded by the satrapy system, however, royal inspectors, the eyes and ears of the king, toured the empire and reported on local conditions, and the king maintained a personal bodyguard of 10,000 men, called the Immortals. The language in greatest use in the empire was Aramaic. Old Persian was the official language of the empire but was used only for inscriptions and royal proclamations. Darius revolutionized the economy by placing it on a silver and gold coinage system. Trade was extensive, and under the  Achaemenids  there was an efficient infrastructure that facilitated the exchange of commodities among the far reaches of the empire. As a result of this commercial activity, Persian words for typical items of trade became prevalent throughout the  Middle East  and eventually entered the English language; examples are, bazaar, shawl, sash, turquoise, tiara, orange, lemon, melon, peach, spinach, and asparagus. Trade was one of the empires main sources of revenue, along with agriculture and tribute. Other accomplishments of Dariuss reign included codification of the data, a universal legal system upon which much of later Iranian law would be based, and construction of a new capital at Persepolis, where vassal states would offer their yearly tribute at the festival celebrating the spring equinox. In its art and architecture, Persepolis reflected Dariuss percept ion of himself as the leader of conglomerates of people to whom he had given a new and single identity. The Achaemenid art and architecture found there is at once distinctive and also highly eclectic. The Achaemenids took the art forms and the cultural and religious traditions of many of the ancient Middle Eastern peoples and combined them into a single form. This Achaemenid artistic style is evident in the iconography of Persepolis, which celebrates the king and the office of the monarch. Envisioning a new world empire based on a fusion of Greek and Iranian culture and  ideals,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Alexander the Great  of Macedon accelerated the disintegration of the Achaemenid Empire. He was first accepted as leader by the fractious Greeks in 336 B.C. and by 334 had advanced to Asia Minor, an Iranian satrapy. In quick  succession,  he took Egypt, Babylonia, and then, over the course of two years, the heart of the  Achaemenid EmpireSusa, Ecbatana, and Persepolisthe last of which he burned. Alexander married Roxana (Roshanak), the daughter of the most powerful of the Bactrian chiefs (Oxyartes, who revolted in present-day Tadzhikistan), and in 324 commanded his officers and 10,000 of his soldiers to marry Iranian women. The mass wedding, held at Susa, was a model of Alexanders desire to consummate the union of the Greek and Iranian peoples. These plans ended in 323 B.C., however, when Alexander was struck with fever and died in Babylon, leaving no heir. His empire was d ivided among four of his generals. Seleucus, one of these generals, who became ruler of Babylon in 312, gradually reconquered most of Iran. Under Seleucuss son, Antiochus I, many Greeks entered Iran, and Hellenistic motifs in art, architecture, and urban planning became prevalent. Although the Seleucids faced challenges from the  Ptolemies of Egypt  and from the growing power of Rome, the main threat came from the province of Fars (Partha to the Greeks). Arsaces (of the seminomadic Parni tribe), whose name was used by all subsequent Parthian kings, revolted against the Seleucid governor in 247 B.C. and established a dynasty, the Arsacids, or Parthians. During the second century, the Parthians were able to extend their rule to Bactria, Babylonia, Susiana, and Media, and, under Mithradates II (123-87 B.C.), Parthian conquests stretched from India to Armenia. After the victories of Mithradates II, the Parthians began to claim descent from both the Greeks and the Achaemenids. They spoke a language similar to that of the Achaemenids, used the Pahlavi script, and established an administrative system based on Achaemenid precedents. Meanwhile, Ardeshir, son of the priest Papak, who claimed descent from the legendary hero Sasan, had become the Parthian governor in the Achaemenid home province of Persis (Fars). In A.D. 224 he overthrew the last Parthian king and established the Sassanid dynasty, which was to last 400 years. The Sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the Achaemenids  [c, 550-330 B.C.;  with the capital at Ctesiphon. The Sassanids consciously sought to resuscitate Iranian traditions and to obliterate Greek cultural influence. Their rule was characterized by considerable centralization, ambitious urban planning, agricultural development, and technological improvements. Sassanid rulers adopted the title of shahanshah (king of kings), as sovereigns over numerous petty rulers, known as  shahrdars. Historians believe that society was divided into four classes: the priests, warriors, secretaries, and commoners. The royal princes, petty rulers, great landlords, and priests together constituted a privileged stratum, and the social system appears to have been fairly rigid. Sassanid rule and the system of social stratification were reinforced by Zoroastrianism, which became the state religion. The Zoroastrian priesthood became immensely powerful. The head of the priestly class, the  mobadan  mobad, along with the military commander, the  eran  spahbod, and the head of the bureaucracy, were among the great men of the state. Rome, with its capital at  Constantinople, had replaced Greece as Irans principal Western enemy, and hostilities between the two empires were frequent. Shahpur I (241-72), son and successor of Ardeshir, waged successful campaigns against the Romans and in 260 even took the emperor Valerian prisoner. Chosroes I (531-79), also known as Anushirvan the Just, is the most celebrated of the Sassanid rulers. He reformed the tax system and reorganized the army and the bureaucracy, tying the army more closely to the central government than to local lords. His reign witnessed the rise of the  dihqans  (literally, village lords), the petty landholding nobility who were the backbone of later Sassanid provincial administration and the tax collection system. Chosroes was a great builder, embellishing his capital, founding new towns, and constructing new buildings. Under his auspices, too, many books were brought from India and translated into Pahlavi. Some of these later found their way into the literature of the Islamic world. The reign of Chosroes II (591-628) was characterized by the wasteful splendor and lavishness of the court. Toward the end of his  reign  Chosroes IIs power declined. In renewed fighting with the Byzantines, he enjoyed initial successes, captured Damascus, and seized the Holy Cross in Jerusalem. But counterattacks by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius brought enemy forces deep into Sassanid territory. Years of warfare exhausted both the Byzantines and the Iranians. The later Sassanids were further weakened by economic decline, heavy taxation, religious unrest, rigid social stratification, the increasing power of the provincial landholders, and a rapid turnover of rulers. These factors facilitated the Arab invasion in the seventh century. Data as of December 1987Source: Library of Congress Country Studies Corrections *Jona Lendering  points out that a 547/546 date for the fall of Croesus is based on the  Nabonidus Chronicle  whose reading is uncertain. Rather than  Croesus  it may have been the ruler of Uratu. Lendering says the fall of Lydia should be listed as the 540s. **He also advises that cuneiform sources start to mention Cambyses as sole ruler in August 530, so the date of his death the following year is wrong.

International War on Drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International War on Drugs - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the international war on drugs is a noble exercise that has been very controversial. However, the exercise has received mixed reactions and criticisms from various quotas, with some experts, on one hand, advocating that the exercise continues since it has attained tremendous objectives, while on the other hand, others argue that it has not been successful in reducing the illegal drug production, distribution, and consumption, but has only been successful in breaking ties between participating nations. In this regard, this research paper will unearth the benefits of the international war on drugs. Additionally, the paper will highlight the negative impacts of the war as well as whether the whole exercise has had adverse effects on international relationships between governments. In this paper I ask; is the international war on drugs been beneficial? Have there been economic benefits from both the illegal trade on drugs as well as the conf lict generated between participating nations? The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 was the first law in the United States that restricted the distribution and usage of certain drugs. Moreover, the United States implemented the National Prohibition Act together with the 18th Amendment in 1920. These laws prohibited the trade, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic drinks for national level consumption. Consequently, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics was established in the Department of the Treasury in 1930. In 1933, the U.S saw the federal repeal the alcohol prohibition Act. Although President Nixon coined the term War on Drugs in 1971, the United States government, still under President Nixon, had implemented drug policies under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, a continuation of drug prohibition policies that had started in 1914 in the U.S.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Management - Essay Example This is a motivational approach with significant gain on its overall governance performance. On the side of service delivery, such a conducive working environment has significantly boosted the spirit of the staff to deliver quality services. According to the customer feedback data, it can be seen that efficiency and reliability characterize the company in as far as its interaction and relationship with customers is concerned. In regard to past the past accident that involved the company’s train in 2005, there has been significant change approaches to address any possibility of a similar scenario (Schaeffer 36). This has been incorporate to organization culture that emphasizes human welfare above profit maximization motive. Communication among departments is considered critical in co-ordination of various activities to ensure consistency in service delivery. This boosts the overall interpersonal relations within the workforce hence improved productivity. The company has a strong customer care services and this promotes its image and public relations. This is critical management principle that emphasizes use of communication to facilitate efficiency in the organization

Meaning of Life and Dad Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Life and Dad Essay The most influential person in my life is my dad. The reason why my dad is the most influential person to me is because he is my dad. My dad has been their for me since day 1. He always had my back through everything no matter how much fights we get into he will always be hear for me. My dad always wants to see me succeed in life he doesn’t want to see me fail. He inspires me in so many different way of what he does. A couple of examples of how my dad inspires me is he always helps me through everything he never let me down. He always told me to stand high and never give up on my dreams he was the one who pushed me to succeed to the person who I am now my dad has always been their for me and he will always have my back. He is my hero! My dad is such a hard working man he always told me to get a good job in this economy because you cant go no where in life without a good gob or a good degree in something. Growing up, my father taught me many valuable lessons, specifically to be kind to everyone and to never give up. These simple but important lessons have shaped my life in its entirety. My dad is the kindest man that I have ever met. He never talks bad about others always helps other people, and always tries to do the right thing no matter what the cost to himself. He is kind, thoughtful generous and honest. I attribute much of who I am as a person to my dad and I thank him for his dedication to our family . My dad gave me the confidence to go out and explore the world around me. From these opportunities, I have acquired skills, gained leadership experience and know that I can do anything if I persevere. I know what it means to be accountable for the decision I make and people entrusted to my care. I have stood up to those who were discriminating and demonstrated that respect for each other is important. I have learned in order to achieve a goal one must make a plan, get others on board, secure necessary resources and then go out and DO IT!!! I learned to not listen to the people who say it is impossible, and to get the complainers involved. I have had unique opportunities to train, lead and mentor. I have seen tragedies and poverty and have learned to appreciate what I have: my family friends university and country. None of these life lessons would have be possible without the support and guidance of my father. My dad always told me to follow my dreams and never let go ever since than I am following my dreams thanks to my dad! He is the most influential person to me in my life.