Women and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women and Leadership - Essay Example Women were first hindered by rules that made them under the shadows for years. Women were blocked by laws passed by the government that is why they cannot move smoothly in the society especially in the government posts (Eagly and Carli 3). However, this problem was given some actions through changing some laws but another problem evolved, the glass ceiling. This problem was long been a challenge to women in the workplace. Women were allowed to take posts however, they were not allowed to acquire higher posts (4). However, as the society moves toward modernity, the barriers against women also moved forward that concrete wall and glass ceiling were no longer the main problems but only parts of the bigger picture. Women now face the so-called â€Å"labyrinth† wherein the barriers are vague but there. These kinds of problems are collective and have higher effect on women’s improvement because the problems have chain reaction (Eagly and Carli 6). Women can now attain higher posts but the path to be taken is harder compared to men. Women are faced with more difficult standard than men because employers consider other factors compared to men who are applying for higher posts (8). These are the reasons why women take longer time to attain higher posts compared to men both in the workplace and in the government. The hindrances against women on acquiring leaderships still exist however, more research that disproves the high difference between men and women leadership characteristics are coming out. According to Eagly and Carli (47), the differences that people claim about the differences between men and women are just a show for hindering women in attaining higher positions. Eagly and Carli believe that women and men have only slight leadership skill differences and women are much capable of handling heavy positions in the society. On the other hand, Wilson (n.p.) strongly believes that women lead differently compared to men. Wilson’s book,

Traditional Classical Theory Verses Positivist Theory

Traditional Classical Theory Verses Positivist Theory The reason for choosing Classical versus Positivist Theory is that these two theories were the basis of argument before the Twentieth Century, and, if studied, one could understand the discrepancies of crime theories and debates when dealing with the law, psychiatrists and deterrence(Padhy, 2006).Crime theories emerge from the study of criminology(Padhy, 2006). Criminology is a sociological branch of study utilising crime statistics, psychology and law and the scientific study of human bodies to research criminal behaviour(Padhy, 2006). To understand the implications of criminal behaviour, we need to understand crime, defined when a human being breaks the law realising this varies between countries due to different cultures and values(Padhy, 2006). The law is defined by what the legislature says, thus crime is determined by what these law agencies decide(Fletcher, 1985). Historically, Beccaria and Benthan in the Eighteenth Century emerged with the Classical Tradition of Crime, focuss ing on punishment and the crime committed(Padhy, 2006). In the Nineteenth Century with scientific enlightenment, Lombroso brought a new theory to discussion focussing on the criminal(Padhy, 2006). Positivism was based on determinism contrasting with Classical Tradition based on rationality. This forgoes individual choice and holds biological and psychological predisposition responsible, giving a new consideration for judges because of a new understanding on criminal behaviour(Padhy, 2006). In discussing the nature of human beings, Classical Theorists say that individuals possess the ability to make choices(Beccaria, 1778). Human beings are able to participate in any activity not contrary to legislation, giving free choice(Beccaria, 1778). It is when humans take this right of choice and cause damage to lives and autonomy of citizens that crime is committed(Beccaria, 1778). Both theories view crime as a breach of security causing an interruption to a peaceful society(Beccaria, 1778). Classical Theorists focus on the dependant variables of crime looking at the crime itself, compared to Positivism which focuses primarily on the independent variables of the individual and what caused this act(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). The Classical School of Crime was developed for the purpose of defining criminals as rationale human beings acting to gain benefits, where legislation was aimed to increase peace and maximise welfare(Carnis, 2004). Discussing the nature of human beings within Positivism says that human behaviour is governed by laws of nature, thus crime is predetermined(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990a). It emerged during the enlightenment period in response to specific theory testing by correlations and relationships between measured variables(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Positivist Theory encompasses the idea that human behaviour is the product of causal forces over which individuals or collectivities have little control(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990 p.418). Rejecting Classical Theories, Biological Positivism focuses on empirical evidence from the study of twins, families and genetics to emphasise the biological determinants of criminology(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Eysenck forms both Biological and Psychological Positivism, where upbringing is a form of conditioning to crime to gain a conscience of what is bad or good(Eysneck, 2006). There are two kinds of character types, introvert or extrovert. Introverts are mo re set in characteristics and difficult to condition or de-condition, whereas extroverts are easily conditioned(Eysneck, 1977). Eysenck suggests that a failure of conditioning to develop a good conscience is the cause of criminal behaviour (Eysneck, 1977). Eysenck suggests that punishment followed soon after crime can re-condition these individuals away from criminal behaviours similar to Classical Theory(Eysneck, 1977). In explaining the cause of criminal behaviour, Classical Theory explains that humans pursue happiness and pleasure and want to avoid pain(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). With free will and choice comes the influence of that individuals environment where it may limit or promote criminal behaviour(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). For an individual to commit a crime they must use force and fraud to achieve self-happiness or advantage(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). In Classical Theories motivation comes from the human and is the cause of crime. Motivation is the key in defining why the perpetrator carried out the crime, and focuses on how the target made this crime accessible(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). After the development of Positivism, thoughts of rational decisions and preconceptions of Classical Theory had to be re-evaluated(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Scientists had a new outlook based on experimental methods to question previous rational schemes that dominated criminal theories before the Nineteenth Century(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). In the view of Positivism the cause of criminal behaviour lies in measured variables(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Juxtaposed to Classical Theory, for an individual to commit a crime in the eyes of Positivist Theory they must have an inherited trait(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). With Positivism, there is no acceptance of rational behaviour but crime is explained by biological and social phenomenon. This theory emphasises there is a social reason for each specific criminal act, found through research and correlations(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Characteristics or tendencies that an individual inherits can increase their susceptibility for crimi nal behaviour, thus Positivist criminologists sustain criminals are caused to behave this way(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Lombroso also described that the cause of criminal behaviours were imbedded in physical characteristics and genetic makeup(Hamlin, n.d) In explaining crime, Traditional Classical Theories claim crime is caused by human beings acting on incentives(Ehrlich, 1996). Humans follow wilful participation of criminal and unlawful acts, explained by their own choices following self-interests(Ehrlich, 1996). Consistent with Classical Theory, Rational Choice Theory which is an extension based centrally in Classical Theory explains that human actions are based on rational choice, weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of the criminal act(Akers, 1990). Criminal activity is committed even with the informed notion of the consequences if one gets caught(Akers, 1990). Disadvantages may outweigh advantages with legal punishment thus the individual will decide not to commit the crime(Akers, 1990). This is where deterrence plays a major role in Classical Theory. The threat of legal and capital punishment aims to offset the advantages and reduce the motivation for crime(Akers, 1990). Deterrence for Classical Theories is aimed at pos itive punishment meaning reduced crime rates due to harsh consequences(Akers, 1990). Cesare Lombroso, the founder of Biological Positivism, used scientific methods to explain crime, forming the theory known as Lombrosian Atavism(Rafter, 2005). His theory is imbedded in atavism, explaining that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks to a primitive human advancement(Rafter, 2005). This earlier stage was focussed on savage behaviours because these had a greater advantage than personal and community skills(Rafter, 2005). He claimed that these socially unacceptable behaviours were inherited, thus individuals were doomed by their physical makeup to break the law'(Rafter, 2005, p.33). Using scientific principles to study the human body and mind, Lombroso said individuals are born as criminals(Rafter, 2005). Their genetic makeup is the explanation for crime; they have a predisposition and have been caused to act this way(Rafter, 2005). The irregularities Lombroso studied, lead him to find relationships between the criminal man and criminal tendencies(Rafter, 2005). Eysenck, s till within Positivism, suggested crime was caused by a lack of conditioning, where behaviour is misguided and guilt is not felt towards criminal behaviours(Eysenck, 1977). Comparing deterrence between the two theories, Classical Theory follows that punishment is measured by the injury that criminal inflicted on society(Beccaria, 1778). Beccaria condemned torture as punishment because it has been falsified in gaining truth, especially about accomplices(Beccaria, 1778). Beccaria believed that punishment should be explained to the criminal and the quicker the punishment after the inflicted crime, the more just and appropriate it will be because of a greater association between crime and punishment(Beccaria, 1778). The point of deterrence in Classical Criminology is to prevent offenders committing further crimes, thus they must realise the extent of their heinous activity, previously hidden behind the advantages of committing the crime(Beccaria, 1778). Within Classical Theory for persecutors or potential offenders deterrence is best given through restraint, physical or situational punishment(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Historically, punishments were in fi nancial dues to the Prince thus if convicted guilty you were in debt to the Crown(Beccaria, 1778). As Positivism is focussed on the pre-requisite explanation of crime, deterrence or correction in Positivist Theory must aim to identify those people with criminal tendencies, record what caused their behaviour and look at ways to adjust or prevent this behaviour(Lyons, 1977). Eysenck, suggested that if offenders were caught at a young age, they could be re-conditioned, and possibly taught about good behaviours and given a conscience against criminal acts(Eysneck, 1977). In Positivism, persecution is difficult because if the judge accepts genetic inheritance, where is the line drawn as to how much you are accountable for your criminal behaviours. Husted, Myers and Lui(2008) questioned the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans in a court case as to how much these can be accredited to understand the level to which the defendant can blame their genetic makeup. Classical and Positivist Theory cause practical implications when dealing with court orders. Judges in court must use their intuition with evidence to determine guilt(Padhy, 2006). Judges have often been said to move towards a more Classical approach insisting that humans choose to commit the crime because we are free willed and make our own decisions(Padhy, 2006). Courts must issue a sentence in the hope of preventing further criminal behaviour(Padhy, 2006). Classical Criminology emphasised to judges and juries that offenders must be deterred thus preventing further acts of criminality(AIC, 2009). Based on this deterrence, the sentence must be given equally with no regard to race, socioeconomic status and age(AIC, 2009). There is no excuse for genetic determinism if embracing Classical Criminology in the courts so procedures and sentences must be based on what the individual committed(AIC, 2009). This contrasts with Positivism where an individual can blame their genetic makeup. Posi tivism is embraced when dealing with psychologists or psychiatrists where they focus on the deterministic features(Padhy, 2006). They highlight the external environment and internal predispositions under involuntary control, thus blaming criminal behaviour on the lack of choices or free will that individual had(Padhy, 2006). In the late Twentieth Century, classical tradition re-emerged because it was used to explain deviant behaviour in adolescence(Padhy, 2006). There was a rise in juvenile crime and instead of focussing on Positivism the courts had reverted back to Classical and Rational Choice Theory where juvenile offenders were accountable for their crime(Padhy, 2006). After a crime the state had to promptly implement punishment in the hope of stopping this increase in juvenile deviance(Padhy, 2006). Both Classical and Positivist theories have their flaws. Deterrence theories are at the heart of Classical Theories. Sherman, Smith, Schmidt and Rogan(1992) conducted an experiment measuring the effect of punishment on subsequent offenders. They found that punishment and arrest did not reduce subsequent crime in domestic violence, and that in fact arrest increased undesirable behaviour especially in those who were single, unemployed and had low conformity levels(Sherman, Smith, Schmidt Rogan, 1992). This goes against the theory of deterrence in reducing further criminal activities. Positivism denied the main idea of Classical Theorists where the principles of crime causation werent based on free will and choice but focussed that there was a specific cause to that certain crime(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Positivism is based on empirical evidence thus the new emerging ideas including critical theory, poststructuralism and post modernism are offered as extensions or critiques of Positivism suggesting a way to understand societies of the modern world(Agger, 1991). Within Positivism, it must be understood that criminal acts are consistent with their level of predisposition to crime(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). However Hirschi Gottfredson(1990) report no evidence of this relationship but positive criminologists just conclude the type of crime committed from the empirical evidence that best explains it(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Lombrosian Atavism was critiqued where teachers and textbooks showed vague appreciation of what he contributed to crime theories(Rafter, 2005). Lombrosos work was often ridiculed, being the first to study the characteristics of a born criminal(Rafter, 2005). Lombroso was critiqued for his lack of statistics, and there was speculation he didnt always use control groups(Vedder, Koenig and Clark, 1953; cited by Rafter, 2005). Lombroso was however credited as being the father of introducing scientific method and research into criminology(Rafter, 2005). Briefly commenting on practical and social implications of what has been discussed, Classical Theories allow for no blame on genetics, thus punishment is given in relation to damage caused(Beccaria, 1778). Correction rehabilitation is enforced to stop reoffending(AIC, 1999). Socially, these individuals may be excluded from society with home confinement, correctional centres and psychiatrist treatment and rejected from society because of their criminal stigma(LeBel, 2008). Practically, in Classical Tradition the State has a right to impose punishment to the perpetrator if they caused social harm(Padhy, 2006). Practical implications within Positivism, involves criminologists catching and persecuting criminals, recording their genetic characteristics ascertaining why they are different from non criminals and therefore developing the atavistic criminal(Lyons, 1977). Rehabilitation must focus on how to correct these imbedded criminal behaviours, whilst identifying future individuals with criminal tendencies and placing preventive measures into action. When a law of the state is broken, whether we approve or disapprove of it, is classified as a criminal act(Hart, 1958). Concluding, we have witnessed that Classical Theories hold no presuppositions that cause criminal behaviour, their decision is controlled and not influenced by pre events. Motivation for crime comes from the perpetrator and will show in the nature of criminal acts. Beccaria was the founder of Classical Tradition in the Eighteenth Century, but when the scientific revolution emerged, Positivism was a result of utilising scientific methods. Lombroso used biological explanations for crime, describing the characteristics or stigma of an atavistic criminal. Eysenck focused on both biological determinants for characteristic types and behaviour determinants as an explanation for crime where a lack of developed morals and conscience cause a criminal to not feel guilty. Both theories emphasise deterrence and correction to prevent further criminal behaviours.

Babbit Vs. The Hobbit :: essays research papers

Babbitt vs. The Hobbit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinclair Lewis’ character of George Babbitt is similar to J.R.R Tolkien’s character of Bilbo Baggins, but they are also very different. These two characters are alike in two different ways: in personality and the heroic journey. However, on every other subject these two characters are extraordinarily different. The most basic of these differences being that George Babbitt is an anti-hero and Bilbo Baggins is a hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning both characters seem very much alike in the way that they are portrayed. Babbitt is shown as a well to do middle aged man enjoying an afternoon nap. He is also shown to be extremely average. Bilbo too is shown enjoying a pleasant afternoon in a very average way. Both personalities are basically the same: neither will take major risks and both would rather stay at home rather than go off on some kind of “adventure';. Both are what are considered prominent, wealthy, normal, conforming members of their communities. However, both Babbitt and Bilbo show inner turmoil with their need to be “free';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here is where the differences start to appear. The hobbit refers to something as simple as climbing a tree as an adventure. The prominent business man thinks that spending a weekend away from his wife and family is an adventure. To set forth upon an adventure of any kind a person needs to be free again, both characters define freedom in different ways. Bilbo simply needs to be away from the influence of his friends and family to find out what he really wants for himself and what he wants to do about it. Bilbo finds freedom when he makes the choice to follow the dwarves into the unknown. When Babbitt is finally given freedom when he is able to go camping alone with his friends for a week he is suddenly terrified about what he is going to do with himself. Babbitt’s friends seem to bring out his inner-self when he is finally pulled away from home and on a train going to Maine. Once up in Maine the men say that they are going to “loaf by ourselves and smok e and cuss and be natural';. In other words they are going to be free from the rules imposed on them by their wives, families and the community itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each character is also tested in a different way. Bilbo was tested several different times, each dealing with his loyalty and service to the dwarves.

Poverty: Causes and Effects Essay

I. Introduction Most of us today experience the feeling of being poor. It might be in material things or in monetary matters. We can even see the people around begging just to live. It can somehow be the picture of our corrupt government. Officials don’t see the thirst and hunger these people are experiencing. They just think of themselves. Thus, worsening the increase of those people in the poverty line. Isn’t bad to look after our country full of beggars? Asking for pennies and food to eat. We might not be effective in terms of monetary problems, but at least we can give them the feeling of love and care. The supply of basic needs can be restricted by constraints on government services such as corruption, debt and loan conditionalities and by the brain drain of health care and educational professionals. Strategies of increasing income to make basic needs more affordable typically include welfare, accommodating business regulations and providing financial services. Today, poverty reduction is a major goal and issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. The English word â€Å"poverty† came from Latin pauper = â€Å"poor†, via Anglo-Norman povert. There are many definitions of poverty depending on the context of the situation and the views of the person giving the definition. Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation. Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one’s life. II. Literature Review The individuals who are most at risk of developing problem drug use are those who are at the margins of society. They are individuals who are socially and economically marginalised and disaffected from school, family, work and standard forms of leisure. However the relationship between these factors and drug use is not linear. For example although the majority of problem drug users may have experienced a number of these problems the converse may not hold true; that is, individuals who are economically and politically/socially marginalised will not necessarily become problematic drug users. Neale suggests however that particular sub-groups of the population such as the homeless, those who have been in care and/or excluded from school and those in contact with the criminal justice system or mental health services are more susceptible to the various risk factors and that drug misuse is more prevalent among these particular groups (Neale 2002). According to Spooner (2005) the social environment is a powerful influence on health and social outcomes. In this context drug use and related problems result from the complex interplay of the individual and the environment whereby social institutions or structures can influence the environment in a manner that can influence drug use and related problems. Societal structures include government policies, taxation systems, 11 laws and service systems such as welfare, education, health and justice. As such increased attention to the ‘social’ determinants of drug use is required. People from all backgrounds and classes take drugs for many reasons: for pleasure, to treat physical or emotional pain, for stress or anxiety, or because their friends do. But the pattern of who develops a drug problem and encounters other problems shows a close link between drug misuse and social exclusion. The first signs of the link between problematic drug use and social exclusion became apparent in the US post-war period as some of the big cities encountered the first shocks of de-industrialisation. A series of studies by the Chicago School of Sociology showed clearly that poverty and decay in inner cities were the key causes of the heroin epidemics of the 1950s and 1960s in New York, Chicago and other US cities. In the 1980s those same factors helped to fuel the crack epidemics in the US. An influential study by Parker et al (1986) undertaken in the Wirral during the 1980s showed the average prevalence of heroin users across the peninsular was 18.2 per 1,000 among 16-24 year-olds. But the spread ranged in different districts from zero to 162 per 1,000. The variation in geographical prevalence was highly correlated with seven indicators of background deprivation levels in each area: unemployment rate, council tenancies, overcrowding, larger families, unskilled employment, single parent families and lack of access to a car. A study by Dr Laurence Gruer of some 3,715 drugrelated emergency hospital admissions in Greater Glasgow from 1991 to 1996 plotted them by postcode using a standard index of deprivation (cited ACMD 1998). The admission rate from the most deprived areas exceeded that from the least deprived areas by a factor of 30, so that if the admission rate for the least deprived area had applied across the city, the number of admissions would have been 92 per cent lower. It was noted that the relationship between deprivation and drug misuse is higher than any other health variable they had studied. III. Discussion Health One third of deaths – some 18 million people a year or 50,000 per day – are due to poverty-related causes: in total 270 million people, most of them women and children, have died as a result of poverty since 1990. Those living in poverty suffer disproportionately from hunger or even starvation and disease. Those living in poverty suffer lower life expectancy. According to the World Health Organization, hunger andmalnutrition are the single gravest threats to the world’s public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all case. Hunger Rises in the costs of living making poor people less able to afford items. Poor person spend agreater portion of their budgets on food than richer people. As a result, poor households and those near the poverty threshold can be particularly vulnerable to increases in food prices. For example, in late 2007 increases in the price of grains led to food riots in some countries. TheWorld Bank warned that 100 million people were at risk of sinking deeper into poverty. Threats to the supply of food may also be caused by drought and the water crisis. Intensive farmingoften leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of soil fertility and decline of agricultural yields. Approximately 40% of the world’s agricultural land is seriously degraded. In Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue, the continent might be able to feed just 25% of its population by 2025, according to United Nations University’s Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa. Every year nearly 11 million children living in poverty die before their fifth birthday. 1.02 billion people go to bed hungry every night. According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia has the highest child malnutrition rate of the world’s regions. Nearly half of all Indianchildren are undernourished, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa. Every year, more than half a million women die in pregnancy or childbirth. Almost 90% of maternal deaths occur in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, compared to less than 1% in the developed world. Women who have born children into poverty may not be able to nourish the children efficiently and provide adequate care in infancy. The children may also suffer from disease that has been passed down to the child through birth. Asthma and rickets are common problems children acquire when born into poverty. Education Research has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low-income housing circumstances. This often is a process that begins in primary school for some less fortunate children. Instruction in the US educational system, as well as in most other countries, tends to be geared towards those students who come from more advantaged backgrounds. As a result, these children are at a higher risk than other children for retention in their grade, special placements during the school’s hours and even not completing their high school education. There are indeed many explanations for why students tend to drop out of school. For children with low resources, the risk factors are similar to others such as juvenile delinquency rates, higher levels of teenage pregnancy, and the economic dependency upon their low income parent or parents. Families and society who submit low levels of investment in the education and development of less fortunate child ren end up with less favorable results for the children who see a life of parental employment reduction and low wages. Higher rates of early childbearing with all the connected risks to family, health and well-being are majorly important issues to address since education from preschool to high school are both identifiably meaningful in a life. Poverty often drastically affects children’s success in school. A child’s â€Å"home activities, preferences, mannerisms† must align with the world and in the cases that they do not these students are at a disadvantage in the school and most importantly the classroom. Therefore, it is safe to state that children who live at or below the poverty level will have far less success educationally than children who live above the poverty line. Poor children have a great deal less healthcare and this ultimately results in many absences from the academic year. Additionally, poor children are much more likely to suffer from hunger, fatigue, irritability, headaches, ear infections, flu, and colds. These illnesses could potentially restrict a child or student’s focus and concentration. Housing Poverty increases the risk of homelessness. Slum-dwellers, who make up a third of the world’s urban population, live in a poverty no better, if not worse, than rural people, who are the traditional focus of the poverty in the developing world, according to a report by the United Nations. There are over 100 million street children worldwide. Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty. Experts and child advocates maintain that orphanages are expensive and often harm children’s development by separating them from their families. It is speculated that, flush with money, orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died. Violence According to experts, many women become victims of trafficking, the most common form of which is prostitution, as a means of survival and economic desperation.] Deterioration of living conditions can often compel children to abandon school in order to contribute to the family income, putting them at risk of being exploited, according to ECPAT International, an NGO designed to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children. For example, in Zimbabwe, a number of girls are turning to prostitution for foodto survive because of the increasing poverty. In one survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged inner cities said they had witnessed a serious assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide. 51% of fifth graders from New Orleans (median income for a household: $27,133) have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 3212% in Washington, DC(mean income for a household: $40,127) IV. Conclusion The main problem in our country nowadays is poverty. Many experts made a research on how to solve it. Most in the community of the Philippines are graving. But sad to say that until now it is still in the stage of calamity. Poverty happens everywhere. They think citiesmay offer them a better-off living. They think they’ll be much better off living in the cities than in their own villages, which only offer them natural resources. Being rich and having a great sum of money instantly are often the cause of massive exodus. What happens later is beyond their expectations; they become jobless, homeless, and the worse impact is that they are unable to return to their villages for they don’t even have money to return. Most poor people who battle hunger deal with chronic undernourishment and vitamin or mineral deficiencies, which result in stunted growth, weakness and heightened susceptibility to illness. Poor children are the most prone to this and are often the victims to malnutrition, deficiencies, diseases and ultimately deaths caused by hunger. The persons who are in the position must have enough knowledge about the solutions on the problem. They should make a step by step process to ensure the proper on the global major problem.

Philosophy and Politics

Philosophy has enabled human life to study the general and everyday problems which concern many matters to include beauty, truth, mind, validity, language, existence, language and even truth. While Philosophy is a general term that is highly acceptable to address and answer questions by using systematic approaches and its credibility on the grounds of reasoned arguments, there is a tension that is apparent between Politics and Philosophy which Ancient Greek Origin means â€Å"love of wisdom†. Good governance needs laws that are mandated and initiated through Politics. The ways a society is being governed highly affects the kind of living the citizens’ experience. Politics are made up of group of people that formulate decisions for the betterment of the populace. It has also been palpable in many group interactions such as the religious, academic and even in the corporate world. Despite the fact that both exist to fulfill the needs of man for order, it is evident that a man in one point of his life or another might choose whether to live under the influence of Politics or Philosophy. The issues had been explored in Plato’s masterpieces â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"The Republic†. But although, the strain is perceptible, the end result for the mixture of both may lead to a more wonderful life to all mankind. The researcher wishes to address any reconciliation that may occur between the rivalries of the two approaches in human regulation, if Philosophy and Politics can be practiced at the same time. Philosophy and Politics in Plato’s Works Justice is necessitated by human in all walks of life. An individual is honed by the cultural and social norms that craft his totality as a whole. Many factors attribute on how a person behaves or acts. The life in the world has sought to deal on existence necessitated of man as man to survive and subsist. You may choose to live a political life or you can pursue a life that is committed in finding contemplation and truth. Apology The Apology by Plato is his version of Socrates’ speech during the time Socrates defends himself in opposition to the charges. The accusations against Socrates brought up were; living his life that refuses to adulate and worship the gods, corrupts the mind of the young and makes new deities. The main theme of the entire speech proposes that Philosophy instigates when one admits that he is ignorant. Socrates dramatically states that the wisdom he has, originates from his mere knowledge that he doesn’t know anything (23b, 29b). Politics in this part conducts a lawful proceeding that is made out of informal charges that only stanched out of gossips and prejudices against Socrates: â€Å"Socrates is committing an injustice, in that he inquires into things below the earth and in the sky, and makes the weaker argument the stronger, and teaches others to follow his example (18b-c)†. Socrates refuted the accusations through voicing out that he should not in any way be mistaken as a sophist or a scholar that is highly paid and wise. He then expressed his philosophical inspiration that he is poor and does not know anything that is good and noble. Socrates believed that the accusations against him rooted with his compliance with the oracle he received in Delhi. He had the mission of solving the paradox which is â€Å"the ignorant man could be the wisest of all men† (23e). It is apparent that Politics has an indirect connection to Philosophy because both aim to provide a good human life course. In this part reconciliation is quite evident since Politics is ruled out by people or humans that present the way to righteousness and lawfulness based on human perception enacted by the law while Philosophy which Plato deals with dwells more with the spiritual and divine intervention as the correct path to rectitude and uprightness. Socrates perceived that his questioning to many people gained him the reputation as an annoying person. His life mission interpreted in the speech that true wisdom comes from the gods while wisdoms of man together with their achievements have diminutive or are not valuable at all. It was greatly stressed that Socrates accepts as legitimate that the power of his lawful superior, may it be divine or human should be followed. But when there is a discrepancy or conflict between the two: Politics or Philosophy, he deems that the divine authority should take precedence and primacy: â€Å"Gentlemen, I am your grateful and devoted servant, but I owe a greater obedience to God than to you; and as long as I draw breath and have my faculties I shall never stop practicing philosophy† (Plato, Dialogue Part 1). Socrates articulated that he will not stop his aspiration for his fellow Athenians to have greater awareness of moral truth and goodness. Though, people might impede his questioning or arguing and even if they withdraw all the charges against him, Socrates put across his plan of not bringing an end to his inquiries for the pursuance of truth. Socrates was charged as guilty by a very small margin (36a). He was sentenced to death through drinking Hemlock. Though, Socrates can resort to emotive tricks to appease the juries. He relied ultimately to the truth in the presentation of his case. Socrates prophesied that the younger and harsher critics will pursue what he started that can aggravate them even more (39d). The Republic by Plato The Republic by Plato is also a Socratic dialogue. The main topic of the dialogue centers at the issue of who is happier between the just and the unjust man that was pictured through creating a make-believe city that is ruled by philosopher-kings. For most part, the dialogue tackles justice in different ways. Like in one part of the first book where two types of justice are presented but both were deemed inappropriate. First, talks about returning debts that someone owed while the second one embarks upon helping out friends at the same time harming the enemies. These were common definitions of justice that Socrates reckons to be derisory in isolated cases and as a consequence lack stringency stipulated of a definition, though he does not wholly decline them because each, in some way or another conveys a universal sagacity of justice. Justice when implemented with Philosophy encompasses goodwill to all mankind. This was evident in the end of Book I where Socrates approved Polemarchus insight that justice embraces helping out friends but the just man would never do any harm to anybody even an enemy. Thrasymachus on the other hand provides his perception of justice as â€Å"what is good for the stronger† (Book I), which reflects those people in Politics who have power over the society. This also echoes Thrasymachus belief that rulers are the primary resource of justice in every city where in they enact laws that benefit themselves the most. Philosophy is widely tackled in The Republic to influence Politics on what it should build within the society to provide a just community. In this dialogue, it can be seen that Philosophy and Politics can be reconciled though Philosophy still takes supremacy over Politics. Correspondingly, Socrates describes justice as â€Å"working at that which he is naturally best suited,† along with â€Å"to do one's own business and not to be a busybody† (433a-433b). He then continues by presenting how to sustain and perfect justice through three cardinal virtues to include Temperance, Wisdom, and Courage (433a-433b). Philosophy correlates with Politics through creating a society that divides people in to three distinct types which are the soldier, producer and ruler. Books II to IV mainly carry out that if a ruler can create just laws, and when the soldiers or warriors follow the orders of their rulers, and if authorities are obeyed by the producers, then it will formulate a society that is rightful and just, thus creating a happier life. Three arguments were presented by Plato why he sees that it is better to be just rather than for the individual to be unjust. The arguments were: An oppressor’s nature will allow him to incur â€Å"horrid pains and pangs† and that the conventional tyrant has a lifestyle that is mentally and physically challenging on a ruler which is the total opposite of a philosopher king that is truth loving (Book IX). Another argument in Book IX that Plato puts forward is that the Philosopher is the only type of ruler that can best run a society since he is acquainted to the Form of the Good. The last one that Plato contends is that â€Å"Pleasures which are approved by the lover of wisdom and reason are the truest† (Book IX). The Republic’s main ideology is to form the government and politics that is governed by philosopher-kings. In this, it is highly susceptible that Philosophy and politics could in some way or another worked hand in hand. Socrates believes that the four types of ruling such as timocracy, democracy, oligarchy and tyranny can lead to corruption of power. The Republic by Plato also contains his Allegory of the Cave where he elucidates how a former prisoner from a cave came to realize that the sun which illuminates the surrounding and which initially blinded him is the Form of the Good that causes the brightness. He also came to realize that it is the sun that made him see and appreciate the beauty and goodness in the things that surround him. Plato considers the caveman as the philosopher, who knows the Form of Good and therefore should educate others to spread the same light he achieved. The dialogue narrates conversations and arguments concerning an Ideal State by manipulating politics through Philosophical ideas and how other forms of governance could not properly and adequately sustain its ruling. Conclusion Though Plato’s â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"The Republic† mainly discuss how Philosophy or love of wisdom should be adhered over and above anything else, it also manifested that Philosophy and politics can reconcile to the betterment of the society. The â€Å"Apology† chiefly venerates Philosophy over politics but in some parts evidently address that people involved in Politics should be respected and followed, hence, when a clash between the two takes place Philosophy should win against the other. Plato’s â€Å"The Republic† on the other hand, points out a Political institution that is to be ruled by a Philosopher towards a just society.

buy custom Brookshire Brothers Innovative Concept essay

buy custom Brookshire Brothers Innovative Concept essay Happy customers stay to be yours and not someone elses. Many business gurus and heads of customer care departments of successful companies concur that the most fundamental aspect of a company does not only lie in having a good product, but also the ability to provide clients with a desirable level of service (Garry, 2011). The reason for running a business after all is to make profits and it therefore it makes sense to take care of the customer. Good customer care service is an innovative concept because it is one of the most neglected areas of management. Innovation concept A company has to provide excellent customer care so that it can distinguish itself from the products and services that its competitors provide. The customers should believe and see that the customer service they are being offered gives them the overt benefit. The Brookshire Brothers can for example say that the instant oatmeal that they sell has cancer- fighting properties as observed in three out four people who took the particular oatmeal that they sell, constantly. Another innovation concept requirement is that the concept should be feasible and hard to reproduce. The power engine of any business is customer care and this is what makes it a priority. All companies have a customer care service but Brookshire Brothers can make their customer service hard to copy by going an extra mile and giving them comfort that cannot be imitated by others. Companies need a regular flow of income to keep them in business and for this reason it is feasible idea and easy to implement. Once the customers are satisfied with the services that they are being given, then the entire organization will have an excellent customer care system. The returns of good customer care exceed its costs because a company that delights in giving good service to its customers retains 6he old customers and attract new ones. This will in turn create a good image of them in blogs, in the media and in forums, subsequently leading to higher profits. The cost of attracting new customers is much higher than the cost of retaining existing customers. One of the main pointers of a strong value proposition is that it gives itself to being spoken in simple and clear terms, and very briefly. It is important that a business has a unique value proposition, lest they get lost in a sea of other companies with similar value propositions. Customer service is a great way of achieving a value proposition, but it should be stated in a way that it will for example take complete ownership of the problems of their customers and solve them, so that they do not have to worry.an example of a value proposition is we take complete ownership. Customer service has the ability to offer a complete value proposition because it touches on all aspects of the business. The customer care service also handles and organizes the many elements that make up an effective customer care structure. They deal with pricing strategies, the human aspect of customers, policies, systems and technology. They especially play a fundamental role in improving the policies and systems to desirable levels of the customers. This is what makes customer care have a complete value proposition (Amato-McCoy, 1999). No customer is interested in customer service system that has no intrinsic worth, regardless of whether it is the best. A company that goes that extra mile to please and give good service to meet the needs of its customers is hard to imitate because what is seen on the outside is the excellent customer service, but the rigorous procedures that they have used to get there remains unknown. A good example of how good customer care service sells unique is how it solves its problems, frustrations and challenges. The exceptional selling proposition that they give that guarantees to take care of their needs such as pick up their customers therefore saving them trouble of having to hire cabs i s unique and hard for other companies to imitate, because if they want to, they will have to go through rigorous processes starting from the administration downwards, for such a proposition to be approved, implemented and be a success. Company, products and markets Brookshire brothers , is a company that was established in 1921, but later on split into chains of stores that now deal with a variety of products, which include; food , groceries and tobacco products and the distribution of gas. The Brookshire Brothers Company in Dallas, Texas is widely known for the excellentand friendly services that they offer, clean stores and technological innovation. The companys mission is to build an all-inclusive equity in the company by making its employees loyal, and these employees will in turn give good service to their customers, thereby improving their public image (Pederson, 2009). Their objective strategy is to provide their customers with a level of service that cannot be found anywhere else in their locales. This Brookshire Brothers Company deals with groceries and therefore runs several grocery stores. The product line of their chain stores includes food and food complimentary items, fresh produce, dairy items. They also handle sea food, bakery g oods, frozen foods, canned foods and fresh farm produce. Some of the labels of the food products that they sell are Hy Top and Better Valu. Company Fit Their customer care concept of prioritizing the needs of their customers augurs well with the companys mission and strategic objectives of friendly services, clean stores and at the prime of technological innovations. All these efforts are geared towards ensuring that the customers get the best of the services they can offer because the core of their business is to take care of their customers. They therefore rely on their human capital to fulfill their vision, mission and strategic objectives. These people are trained on strong customer orientation and quality products and services.in doing this, they have successfully guarded against lack of service and courtesy to customers. They value their customers as they know that the value of bringing in new customers is almost five times higher than the value of keeping old ones. So instead of going to look for new customers, they give the best of their services to the older ones and these ones will go and paint a good image of the company and in this way they attract new customers. In the end their mission and vision statements of great customer service makes their sales soar, brings more people, gives them the chance to repeat business with their regular clients, and get value from them. Intended Target Market and Competition The company has a number of small and large markets like the population around Dallas. They also have formal markets for example the large supermarkets in Dallas which provide a reliable market for their products (Chain Store Age Executive, 1991). Moreover, they sell their merchandise to individuals through their retail and supermarket stores in Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana. They also do it through e-commerce websites. The company offers excellent customer service and their products are suited to the needs of their customers. They have banked on this because other companies do not give such quality service and a wider range of products to their customers; neither do they give priority to the desires of their clients. Product, Service and Process Some of their unique products are French, Indian and Mediterranean delicacies, products that other groceries do not stock or hardly ever have. They for example stock Hispanic delicacies and have even published these foods in magazines, to cater for the growing Hispanic population in Texas. They also beat the price listings of their competitors, giving customers value for their money. One such service is that they have incorporated into their customer care service the concept of self-service, such that instead of having the customers place their orders to the clerks to fill them, they can walk in and chose what they need. This encourages their customers to have a look at all that they have, then made informed choices. This has helped them cut on expenses and has helped build a stronger customer base. They also have belts that transport the goods bought, so that the customers find them packed .very efficient indeed. Such a concept has yet to be adopted by similar stores and this is their selling point. They also deal with a wider variety of groceries, larger volumes and at lower prices. They ensure that their customer care representatives give friendly greetings to all their customers when they check in to the store and heartfelt greetings from the employees they encounter as they shop, from the stockers to those at the counter. The company does not only benefit, but the customers do as well. By offering a wider range of groceries, the customers are now able to comfortably choose what goes well with them. Furthermore, their customers also save some money as the prices on goods are cut. The good customer care gives them a big llead against their competitors (Lehbar, 1963). Competitive Differentiation The customer care service that Brookshire Brothers Company offers is different from the competitive offerings of other companies because these companies do not give the attention to the quality of services they give. Many managers and executives always pin down customer services to a particular standard that cannot be easily changed. However, such services should be made variable because good customer care is a relationship building tool. This is what the Brookshire Brothers Company realized and has used it to their advantage. They have been able to connect emotionally with their customers and this is what has given them edge over their competitors. They have used the concept of under- promising and over- delivering. Their customers have therefore realized that the level of service that they are being given is higher than what they expected. Their friendly customer service has earned them sustainable competitive advantage and subsequently, their performance has improved. They have also cut on their costs and the speed at which they offer their services is effective. Their customers are satisfied by the way they are handled they rarely take their businesses elsewhere (Doherty, 2003). This has earned them a growing number of customers because they have made customer satisfaction a major factor in the decisions that they make concerning their products. Critical Risks and Limitations Despite all the benefits that the Brookshire Brothers Company has earned, they should not overlook it as it has risks as well. Todays environment has its challenges. Customer care service must cater for the needs of all its customers, from the casual observer to its senior most clients. This poses a challenge because the customers are so many and they all want their needs to be well catered for and the company may not be able to keep such a relationship consistent at all times. One disgruntled customer may ruin their image and this will cost them business. The aspect of customer service also covers a very wide range of activities. It involves listening to the needs of clients carefully, giving them feedback as soon as possible, give priority to their views, look into their complaints, have interpersonal relationships with them and ensure a happy existence at all times. This is very demanding and the company might end up eating into their profits to satisfy their customers, yet the business does not return the money spent. It also requires human resource which is quite a task to find especially representatives who can deliver. The other challenge is delivering customer value. Some customers give very unique and specific desires that sometimes overwhelm the service providers as they have to make big sacrifices. Brookshire brothers also find it quite a challenge to giving possession utility. Moreover, the concept of the marketing versus the selling concept is a challenge for them because they have products that are not selling and so they have to adopt measures that will make the product sell. Such measures include cutting the prices or more advertising. They therefore should balance between the efforts that they make to give them an appeal to their customers taking care not to concentrate much on one aspect like customer care. They should for example have consistent branding and product quality (Garry, 2011). Conclusion Brookshire Brothers Company has experienced such a steady growth since it was started. This is because it sought to beat its competitors by having strong base and friendly customer care service. Their aggressive hospitality has put them at the top of their league and in return they have realized great profits. It has however taken them more than friendly customer care service to get where they are today, because they had to diversify their operations to counter the emerging competition. They have given priority to innovations especially regarding customer care which was very important if they had to increase its image especially because they are facing a greater number of competitors. Their business has not been without challenges though; they have run into losses trying to satisfy the specific needs of their clients. Because they deal with perishables, their products have gone bad leading to losses. Their prices of their dairy products sometimes hit rock bottom yet they have to be deft enough to explore other opportunities. Despite all this, they have managed to remain at the top. Buy custom Brookshire Brothers Innovative Concept essay

Improving Educational Status in Laribanga Essays

Improving Educational Status in Laribanga Essays Improving Educational Status in Laribanga Essay Improving Educational Status in Laribanga Essay The report presents a clear account of all the aspect of the problems or constraints and opportunities or potentials of Laribanga community. It is a combination of both written and oral information from reliable source to produce this document. This report is categorized in seven units namely:Brief presentation of the updated community profile, community problems and potentials emanating from the community profile ,analysis of community needs and aspiration ,analysis of demands and potentials of the private sector ,NGO’s and CBO’s in the community, identification of community development issues, community SWOT /POCC analysis of the community development issues identified and development intervention(proposal write up). It seeks to expose the development problems and potentials of the community. PRESENTATIONThe community profile of Laribanga in the Zabzugu District of Northern Region prepared by GROUP 424 and presented to the coordinating committee of the third trimester field practical program (TTFPP) of the University for Development Studies (UDS). This is a prior segment of the two stages of the field practical program geared towards the partial fulfillment to the award of Bachelor of Arts and Science Degree or Diploma. NAME OF STUDENTS| IDENTITY NUMBER| EZEKIEL ATUGUBA ATAMBIRE| IMS/0283/10| AMPONSAH BARBARA| IMS/0202/10| ACHEAW EMMANUEL| IBS/0674/10| MENSAH ODUM BRIGHT | DMS/0328/10|YAKUBU IKIMA| DMS/0420/10| BA-INGE FELICIA| DBS/0084/10| MIKADO DESMOND| IDS/8530/10| LAMBERT MBUN AYAMBILLA| RES/0259/10| KUUWAABU FRED| CN/1075/10| AKOTO EDEM EUGENE| FMS/0087/10| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The project work could not have ended successfully without a support. Our first and foremost thanks go to the Almighty God for his spiritual protection and guidance throughout our stay in the community. Since no achievement can be made in life without the help of many known and unknown individuals contributing directly or indirectly, the group is highly indebted to the following people. Our Co-ordinator Mr.Lolig Victor and other co-ordinating committee members of UDS and the acting Chief of Laribanga; Naa Alidu Haruna and his elders. Our second thanks go to MOFA (Zabzugu District Assembly), the Assemblyman of Laribanga Hon. Saaka Aminu. To our Landlords, contact persons; we say a big thank you for your support and hospitality. Finally, the group will be ungrateful if we fail to appreciate the time, support and service of the community members and to all who made it possible to contribute their quota either directly or indirectly but their names were not mentioned, we say God richly bless you TABLE OF CONTENT i. Preface ii.Presentation iii. Acknowledgement iv. Table of Content iv. Executive Summary v. Introduction vi. Main Body 1. Brief Presentation of the updated community profile 2. 1. Natural Resource and Environment 2. 2. Population Characteristics 2. 3. Social Development 2. 4. Economic Development 2. 5. Historical and Local governance 2. 0Community Problems and Potentials emanating from the community profile 2. 1 Natural Resource and Environment 2. 2 Population Characteristics 2. 3 Social Development 2. 4 Economic Development 2. 5 Historical and Local governance 3. 0 Analysis of community needs and aspirations . 0 Analysis of Demands and Potentials of Private sector, NGO’s and CBO’s in the community. 5. 0 Identification of community development issues 6. 0 Community SWOT/POCC analysis of the community development issues identified 7. 0 Development interventions (Proposal write up). 7. 1 Justification of prioritized development intervention 7. 2 Goal 7. 3 Objectives 7. 4 Operationalization of the proposal 7. 5 Budget 7. 6 Sustainability issues Conclusion Recommendation(s) Appendix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is the executive research findings obtained in Laribanga community by GROUP 424 students on their TTFPP.The report emphasizes on the aims and objectives of the research methodology, key findings, conclusion and recommendation. The Objectives of the research are to present and discuss the developmental problems and potentials emanating from the community, to give the avenue for review and update of the developmental problems and opportunities of the community members, to solicit views from the community members about the appropriate interventions of the problems of the community, the research is also to develop a proposal or development plan for the community.Some research methodologies used in the research are key informants interviews (used to questions persons about the developmental problems of the community), transect walk (used to examine the environmental settings of the comm unity), random sampling (this is used to ascertain information from the community members concerning updates on population and education), and secondary data (this was employed by the group to enable us acquire information from the District capital). The research also brought up certain key findings in the community.The active lab our force serves as a great potential to the community and the nature of the soil is suitable for agriculture activities such as farming and rearing of farm animals. Also illiteracy rate is high in the community and this militates the development of the community and low technical know increase in population can cause inversion of new technology.PROBLEMS The high labour force does not reflect into high productivity due to the insufficient educational facilities specifically vocational and technical institutions in the community which would have equipped the people with the necessary skills that could be used to develop the community. Poor ventilation due t o the structure of building found in the community. High dependency ratio 2. 3 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT The presence of boreholes serves as a source of water for the community. The road serves as transportation for easy transfer of food stuff and other logistics from the community to other places. PROBLEMS There are always health problems in the community since there is no health care centre in the community. The absence of communication channels pose difficulties during the dissimilation of information from the community to the district level and vice versa 2. 4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS Since farming is the main occupation in the community, if given the necessary support from government and NGOs can lead to high productivity in the community. If the local industries in the community such as the sheabutter, kulikuli making, blacksmithing and the rest, if given the necessary support can produce in large scale. The practice system of farming in the community makes way for the use of animal waste to enrich the soil for farming. PROBLEMS Lack of modern storage facilities, keeping farming to the traditional forms of storing farm products No support from government agencies and NGOs. Inadequate funds to produce on large scale. 2. 5 HISTORICAL AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE POTENTIALS There is mutual co-operation among the Paramount Chief and the divisional chiefs as well as the chief and assembly member in the Laribanga community. The NGOs can establish industries in the community due to nature of the land 3.ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS After a meeting with the community, a number of needs and aspirations were identified. The needs and aspirations are; Low level of education No access to electricity Poor road network Agriculture input and machinery Insufficient potable water NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS| NUMBER| SCORE| RANKING| | | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | Low level of education| 1| 6| -| 4| 2| 3| 15| 1st| Poor road network| 2| 2| 2| -| 3| 2| 9| 3rd| No access to electrici ty| 3| 4| 2| 4| 2| -| 12| 2nd| Insufficient portable water| 4 | 1| 1| 2| -| 2| 6| 5th| Agricultural amp; machinery| 5| 2| 3| -| 1| 2| 8| 4th|Score Interpretation 1 represents the pressing need and aspiration of the community in an order to 5 being the least pressing need and aspiration of the community. 4. ANALYSIS OF DEMANDS AND POTENTIALS OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR,NGOs AND CBOs IN THE COMMUNITY. The community has a lot of potential that demand the support of the private sector such as NGOs, CBOs and other organizations. The community is noted to be farming dominated zone and hence needs support from the above organizations in area such as farming.If organizations like OXFAM, PARED provide livestock and other farming logistics it will empower the activities of farming in the community. 5. IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES The community has interest on issues pertaining to education in the community. The community members are doing their best to get a classroom block in col laboration with the school authorities due to the overcrowding nature of the classrooms. The community always supports the school through communal labour. Also the school gets support from other NGOs such as World Food Program (INFP), Catholic Relief Services in collaboration with WorldVision, Eye Wash (Alert Club) are in process of bringing support to the school. 6. COMMUNITY SWOT ANAYSIS ON THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IDENTIFIED The strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analyses the problem and opportunities of the community. These processes will help to sharpen awareness and conceit members of the community about realities in their community and lead them to develop strategies to deal with them. This open the way for effective and relevant project ideas for the communityNEEDS| STRENGTH| WEAKNESS| OPPORTUNITIES| THREATS| Low level of education| Classroom for primary pupils| Inadequate teachers| Support from world food program and CRS| Irregular rainfall| Poor road network| Availability of resource and labour| Lack of initiative| Ministry of road and transport to provide road for the community| Post harvest loses due to bad road network| No access to electricity| Availability of resource labour| Lack of initiative| The government can help them access electricity| Retard development| Insufficient portable water| Two(2) boreholes available| Low access to water| Support from government and other NGOs to be of aid| Scarcity of water| Agriculture input and machinery| Availability of vast land| Low technical knowledge| MOFA,NGOs can provide farm inputs and machinery| Irregular rainfall| 7. DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTION(PROPOSAL WRITE UP) Based on the last year’s finding, out of a total population of 471 the illiteracy was calculated to be 62. 63%. As a result of t this, it was found that the major problem of the people of the community is low level of education. The community is contributing their quota to improve the educational system in th e community. 7. 2 GOAL OF THE PROPOSAL The ultimate goal of the proposal is to reduce high illiteracy rate in the Laribanga community. The achievement of this goal will in a long run improve the living standard of the people. 7. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSAL Short Term objectives Provision of Teaching and Learning Materials (TLMs)at the cost GH? 1000. 00 annually Provision of dual desks Improving human resource (Teachers) Sensitization of the parent on the importance of education Long Term objectives Building of six classroom unit block at the cost of GH? 137,003. 32 from December 2012 to December 2014. 7. 4 OPERATIONALIZATION OF THE PROPOSAL 1. Setting up five member resource personnel’s 2. Sensitization of community members on the importance of education 3. Distribution of teaching and learning material (TLMs) 4. Organizing workshops for teachers. 5. Organizing PTA meeting at regular intervals. 6. Organizing Speech and Prize Giving for studentsACTIVITY| OVI| MOV| TF| INPUT| OUTPUT| RESPONSIBILITY| ASSUMPTION| Setup five member resource personals| Committee formed and list of members available| Committee fully working| 2 weeks| Survey of committee to meet stakeholders| Committee has been formed| Manager| Delay in decision makingInadequate qualified resource personnel| Sensitization of community members| Meeting of community members by resource personnel| Presence committee member at meeting| 1 week| Funding and education| Community well sensitized| Co-ordinator| Language barrier| Distribution of Teaching and Learning Materials| List of TLMs given to the school| Monitoring of report| 1 week| Education material and funding| School receive TLMs and can use| Circuit Supervisor| Ineffective supervisionInsufficient funding| Organizing workshop for teachers| Meeting of teacher by resource personnel| Presence of teacher at workshop| 1 week| Funding and transportation| Teachers well upgraded| Facilitator| Poor organizationInadequate funding| Organizing a PTA mee ting| Meeting of teacher and parents by PTA executive| Presence of eacher and parents at meeting| 1 week| Deliberating on PTA agenda| Agenda successfully formed| PTA Chairperson| Poor organizationWeather condition| Organizing Speech and Prize Giving| Setup Speech and Prize Giving committee| Presence of shake holders and invited guest| 1 week| Funding| Speech and Prize Giving successful| Chairperson| Insufficient fundingPoor Organization| BUDGET ACTIVITY| INPUT DISCRIPTION| QUATIITY| UNIT COST(GH? )| TOTAL COST(GH? )| Setup five member resource personnel| Transportation cost(fueling)Refreshment coupons| 10 gallons of fuel 5| 8. 00 15. 00| 80. 00 75. 00| Sensitization of community members| Transportation costOrganizing community gathering| 10 gallons of fuel| 8. 00| 80. 00 300. 00| Distribution of teaching and learning materials| Purchasing of materials Transportation cost| -10 gallons of fuel| 8. 00| 920. 00 80. 0| Organizing workshop for teachers| Transportation costRefreshment cou pons| 10 gallons of fuel| 8. 00 | 80. 00 400. 00| Organizing a PTA meeting| Refreshment coupons| | | 100. 00| Organizing Speech and Prize Giving| Transportation costRefreshment couponsOther logistics| 10 gallons of fuel -| 8. 00 -| 80. 00 1,000. 00 1,500. 00| Building of six classroom block| | | | 137,002. 32| COST OF PAY TO COMMITTEE MEMBERS = GH? 5,000. 00 TOTAL GH? 146,697. 32 6-CLASSROOM BLOCK/OFFICE/STORE/LIBRARY COURTYARDDESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )| GROUNDWORKD20 Excavating and fillingClear site of small trees, bushes, shrub etcExcavate top soil and cart away from site to aDistance not exceeding 100m,average depth 150mmExcavation trenches, width exceeding 0. 30m,Maximum depth not exceeding 1. 00mExcavate trenches for aprons and steps, width 0. 30m, maximum depth 0. 25mExcavate pits; maximum depth; not exceeding 1. 00mDisposal of excavated material off siteFilling to excavations, materials arising from excavationsHardcore filling to make up levels, with selected laterite gravel obtained off site and compacted in layers not exceeding 225mm thick, average thickness exceeding 0. 5mFilling to make up level, around building with selected laterite gravel obtained off site and compact, average thickness 150mmApron hardcore bed filling dittoFilling to make up levels, in courtyard with selected laterite gravel obtained off site and compacted, average thickness 150mmFilling with Black soil obtained off site in courtyard average thickness 225mm | 124812481001524574730665359515| m2m2m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3| 1. 301. 305. 005. 005. 002. 002. 0015. 0014. 0014. 0015. 00| 1,622. 401,622. 40500. 0075. 00120. 00114. 0094. 004590. 00910. 00490. 001330. 00225. 00| GROUNDWORK TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| 11,692. 80| 6-CLASSROOM BLOCK/OFFICE/STORE/LIBRARY COURTYARD DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT|Formwork cont’Ditto, to sides and soffits of beams/lintel beltDitto, to sides of stepsDitto, to sides and soffits of croppingE30 Reinforcement for insitu concrete1 2mm diameter; mild steel reinforcement; in column bases12mm diameter; ditto; in all columns12mm diameter; ditto; in beams/ lintel belt6mm diameter links, in columns6mm diameter links in Intel belt/Intel belt6mm diameter links in coping| 138110. 290. 221. 090. 050. 230. 01| m2m2mtttttt| 7. 007. 007. 003,500. 003,500. 003,500. 003,200. 003,200. 003,200. 00| 966. 007. 007. 001,015. 00770. 003,815. 00160. 00736. 1032. 00| Carried to collection| | | | 7,508. 00| COLLECTIONPage No. 2Page No. 3| | | | 30,488. 007,508. 00| IN SITU CONCRETE/LARGE PRECAST CONCRETETOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 37,996. 00| DESCRIPTION | QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )|STRUCTURAL/CARCASSING METAL/TIMBERG20 Carpentry/Timber framing/First fixingSawn hardwood50mm x 100mm rafters in trusses50mm x 100mm bottom chords in trusses50mm x 100mm baces in trusses, ripped in two parts for double bracing50mm x 100mm ridge piece 50mm x 50mm Ofram ceiling noggins50mm x 75mm Ofram ceiling joists50mm x 100mm Ofram purlinsWrot hardw ood50mm x 150mm door/window frames38mm x 250mm fascia boards15mm x 45mm door/window stops15mm x 45mm cover battens15mm x 45 ceiling battens| 693634166980103115904395220137345148| mmmmmmmmmmmm| 4. 504. 504. 504. 004. 004. 505. 005. 006. 001. 001. 002. 00| 3,118. 502,853. 007510. 50360. 00412. 00460. 004,068. 001,975. 001,320. 00137. 00345. 00296. 00| Carried to collection| | | | 22,855. 00|DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )| Metal work6mm diameter mild steel; door/window clamps;500mm long; including boring into hardwood100mm diameter, door dowel 250mm including boring into hardwood jambs6mm diameter truss anchors 3000mm long including casting into Intel belt and tying to trussesDitto; purlin anchors; 500mm long16mm diameter mild steel burglar bars ends bedded into hardwood6mm diameter mild steel burglar bars reinforcement welded to ends of burglar bars| 3663613678815813| nr nr nr nr m m| | 366. 0036. 00212. 00788. 00344. 8023. 40| Carried to collection| | | | 1,769. 80| COLLECT IONPage No. Page No. 6| | | | 22,855. 001,769. 80| STRUCTURAL/CARCASSING METAL/TIMBERTOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 24,624. 80| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )| CLADDING/COVERINGH72 Aluminum sheet coverings/flashings0. 5mm gauge Corrugated Aluminum roofing sheets; with 225mm end laps and two corrugations side laps; including approved drive screw nails, felt and cap as per manufacturer’s specification0. 5mm gauge pre-formed aluminum ridge caps, 457mm girth | 817 80| m2 m| 21. 00 9. 00| 17,157. 00 720. 00| CLADDING/COVERINGTOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 17,877. 00| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )|LININGS/SHEATHING/DRY PARTITIONINGS6mm thick plywood ceiling board, BONDPLEX quality fixed by nailing to noggins/joists| 85| m2| 20. 00| 1,700. 00| LINING/SHEATHINGS/DRY PARTITIONINGSTOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 1,700. 00| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )| WINDOWS/DOORS/STAIRSMetalwindows/rooflights/screens/LouvreSupply and fix pair 8-blade WYNN louvre ca rriersTimber doors/shutter/hatchesFramed, ledged braced and door; comprising 50mm x 100mm middle rails, 19mm x 75mm V-jointed Tamp;G strips on external face and 6mm thick plywood on internal face; overall size 700mm x 2295mm x 50mm thickDitto; 800mm x 2295mm x 50mm thickFramed, Ledged and galvanized sheet cladded window fans comprising 40mm x 60mm top/bottom rail and stiles, 40mm x 60mm middle rails, 1. 0mm galvanized sheet cladding external face overall size;675mm x 1145 x 44mm thickMetal doors/shutters/hatchersRaised panel flat sheet metal gates with framing and fixing accessories; double leave, overall size 3. 00m x 1. 80m highGeneral glazingPlain/obscure louvre blades; not exceeding 900mStandard unitsTygan aluminum mosquito proof netting or equally approved quality50mm x 50mm grid galvanized weld mesh, 2. 5mm, nailed to hardwood| 221428411762727| nrnrnrnrnrnrm2m2| 45. 00120. 00120. 0060. 00500. 002. 504. 004. 00| 990. 001,680. 00290. 005,040. 00500. 00440. 00108. 00108. 00| WIND OWS/DOORS/STAIRS TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 9,106. 00| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )|SURFACE FINISHESSand cement /Concrete/Granolithic screeds/ flooring50mm thick cement and sand screed (1 :4) on floors25mm thick screeded bed (1:4) on aprons and stepsPlastered/Rendered/Roughcast coating13mm thick cement and sand plastering (1:7) on block or concrete surface internally13mm thick cement and sand rendering (1:6) on block work or concrete surface externally13mm thick cement and sand rendering (1:6) on sides of aprons and steps externally13mm thick cement and sand plastering (1:3) on masonry as chalkboardPainting/Clear finishingPrepare and apply three coats Azar emulsion paint on plastered wall surface internallyDitto three coats of Azar Emulsion paint on ceilingDitto three coats of renovator paint on blackboardDitto three coats Azar emulsion paint on rendered wall surface externallyDitto; three coats Azar Tile Red Emulsion paint on lower half below cill to plinth externa llyPrepare knot, prime, stop, and apply one coat Azar wood primer and two final coats Azar gloss paint on hardwood; girth not exceeding 300mmDitto, girth exceeding 300mmDitto, on metal burglar bars | 551806265716617609851750179207168| m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2| 8. 004. 504. 505. 004. 006. 002. 302. 302. 302. 302. 302. 002. 002. 00| 4,408. 00360. 002,817. 002,855. 00264. 00100. 001,400. 70195. 5039. 001,152. 30181. 70414. 00s32. 0016. 00| SURFACE FINISHES TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 14,237. 0| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )| BUILDING FABRIC SUNDRIESIronmongeryItaly class A made mortice locks with a set of lever handle furniture as specified by architectApproved quality hasp and staple1 1/2 pair brass butt hinges 100mm long with screws to matchPair brass butt hinges 100mm long with dittoBrass tower bolts; 100mm long screwed to woodBrass tower bolts; 150mm long screwed to woodHeavy duty brass/chrome padlock with set of keys| 27168484147| nrnrnrnrnrnrnr| 46. 009. 006. 0 09. 009. 008. 0014. 00| 92. 0063. 0096. 00756. 00756. 00112. 0098. 00| BUILDING FABRIC SUNDRIES TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 1,973. 00| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )|SUMMARYGROUNDWORKIN SITU CONCRETE/LARGE PRECAST CONCRETEMASONARYSTRUCTURAL/CARCASSING METAL/TIMBERCLADDING/COVERINGLININGS/SHEATHING/DRY PARTITIONINGSWINDOWS/DOORS/STAIRSSURFACE FINISHESBUILDING FABRIC SUNDRIESMEASURED WORKPRELIMINARIES| | | | 11,692. 8037,996. 0015,735. 0024,624. 8017,877. 001,700. 009,106. 0014,237. 301,973. 00| | | | | 134,941. 902,060. 42| TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST| | | | 137,002. 00| BUDGET = GH? 146,697. 32 10% contingency cost of budget = GH? 14,169. 732 TOTAL COST OF BUDGET = GH? 146,697. 32 + GH? 14,169. 732 = GH? 161,367. 052 7. 6 SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES Sustainability of the proposal is important because of the support mechanism or arrangement that has been put in place to support the proposal when it comes to an end.Some of the issues in the Laribanga community are based on the fol lowing Environment Gender Economic Political and Community participation Environmentally, the project can be best sustained if trees are planted around the school to serve as windbreaks. The group also proposes that fence wall should be put up to protect the school property and also setting-up of functional SMC to take care of the maintenance of the school and also cordial relationship among teachers In relation to gender, the community has a current population of five hundred and thirty one (531), out of which two hundred and fifty (250) are males and two hundred and eight one (281) are females.With regards to this, there should be gender sensitivity to ensure sustainability of the school in terms of decision making. Additionally, parents and guardians should be educated on their roles and importance of education by sending their wards to school to help boost the enrollment of the school. Economically, PTA in collaboration with SMCs should establish school farms and use their proce eds from the farm to boost the spirit of teachers and their wards during the school’s Speech and Prize Giving Day. Politically, the project should not be seen as politically motivated where other party members might want to distance themselves in sustaining the project but it should be seen as an asset to the community and its sustainability should be all inclusive.With respect to community participation, the community needs to be part in the project planning, decision making and execution of the project to ensure that the benefits for which the project is executed is being achieved The sustainability of the project is essential in order to improve the educational status of Laribanga and reduce the illiteracy rate. CONCLUSION Laribanga is a community in the Zabzugu District of the Northern Region of Ghana. It is located in the southeast of the District Capital about 40Km (25miles). The community is endowed with natural and human resources. The community has a population of 53 1 of which two hundred and fifty (250) are males and two hundred and eight one (281) are females. Islam is the dominant religion with a percentage of 98. 1% of the population followed by African Traditional Religion and Christianity constituting 1. 7% and 0. 2% respectively. The predominant food crops are yam, maize and groundnuts.The community has numerous developmental challenges which include high illiteracy rate, lack of agricultural farm inputs, no access to electricity and poor sanitation The community through the facilitation of the group proposed the building of a Primary and Junior High School (J. H. S) and other facilities to improve the educational status and reduce the high illiteracy rate in the Laribanga community. The proposed budget is expected to cost GH? 146,697. 32 and covers the period between September 2012 to December 2014 for implementation in order to create a suitable environment for teaching and learning. In addition, this project can be best sustained by t he effective participation of the community, motivation of teachers, formation of functional PTA, SMCs and others RECOMMENDATIONThe following recommendations are derived from the conclusion of the development problems of Laribanga community The community members should plants trees around the school to sustain the project if completed The community member (parents and guidance) should sent their wards to school The District Assembly should ensure the release of extension officers to the community and other NGOs to educate the community farmers since it is a farming zone Parents and guardians should monitor the activities of their wards in school at regular time intervals The community should practice mixed cropping The community members should always be present and punctual at school gathering like PTA meetings. APPENDIX ACRONYMS UDS: Un

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